Spouse: Thomas LUMLEY. Elizabeth PLANTAGENET and Thomas LUMLEY were married about 1508 in , Yorkshire, England. Children were: George LUMLEY, Richard LUMLEY, John LUMLEY, Ann LUMLEY, Sibill LUMLEY, Roger LUMLEY, Elizabeth LUMLEY.

Elizabeth of York (February 11, 1466–February 11, 1503) was the Queen Consort of King Henry VII of England, whom she married in 1486, and the mother of King Henry VIII.

She was born at Westminster, the eldest child of King Edward IV and his Queen consort Elizabeth Woodville (who both had children from earlier relationships). Her younger siblings included Mary of York, Cecily of York, Edward V of England, Margaret of York, Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York, Anne of York, George Plantagenet, Duke of Bedford, Catherine of York and Bridget of York.

She was named a Lady of the Garter in 1477, along with her mother and her paternal aunt Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk.

Following her father's death and the accession to the throne of his brother Richard III, scurrilous rumours circulated that Richard intended to marry her as soon as his wife, the ailing Anne Neville, was dead. There is no surviving evidence for such a plan, although Sir George Buck later claimed to have uncovered a letter from Elizabeth (now lost) which showed she was party to it. It has been suggested that the rumours were started by Elizabeth's mother, Elizabeth Woodville, as part of her campaign to put her daughter on the throne; if Richard had been able to obtain a dispensation from the church to marry his niece, it would have prevented her marrying the chief threat to his throne, Henry Tudor.

Elizabeth Woodville arranged to marry her daughter to Tudor if he could overthrow King Richard, which he did at the Battle of Bosworth Field on August 22, 1485, becoming King Henry VII. But he was in no hurry to marry Elizabeth of York, although he had publicly taken a sacred oath to do so before he had left France to invade England. On October 30, Henry was crowned, but still delayed his wedding. Finally Parliament itself, on behalf of the people, petitioned him to carry out his promise, and on January 18, 1486, the marriage took place. It was not until November 25, 1487, more than a year after their first child, Arthur, was born on September 20, 1486, that Elizabeth was crowned queen.

English Royalty
House of York

Edward IV
Children
Elizabeth of York
Edward V
Richard, Duke of York
It was a relatively successful marriage, all things considered. They had seven (or possibly eight, but only seven are shown in the commemorative picture painted in about 1509) children:

Arthur, Prince of Wales (September 20, 1486 – April 2, 1502).
Margaret Tudor (November 28, 1489 – October 18, 1541).
Henry VIII of England (June 28, 1491 – January 28, 1547).
Elizabeth Tudor (July 2, 1492 – September 14, 1495).
Mary Tudor (March 18, 1496 – June 25, 1533).
Edmund Tudor, Duke of Somerset (February 21, 1499 – June 19, 1500).
Edward Tudor. He may not have actually existed. Unknown dates of birth and death. Suspected to be a mistaken name for Edmund Tudor, Duke of Somerset. However, this name is listed in official records as a child of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. Edward is also mentioned in Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy by Alison Weir as having died young. She assumes the child to have been buried with his family in Westminster Abbey.
Katherine Tudor (February 2, 1503 – February 2, 1503).
The eldest son and heir to the throne, Arthur, Prince of Wales, died after marrying Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile. This seems to have been the motive for Elizabeth to become pregnant the last time, in order to strengthen the succession. Elizabeth died of a post-pregnancy infection, on her 37th birthday, 9 days after giving birth to her last child, Katherine Tudor, who was born and died on the same day, February 2, 1503.

Although Henry VII was known to be a very thrifty person, Elizabeth was given a splendid funeral. She is buried in Westminster Abbey in the Lady Chapel. Later, her husband Henry was buried beside her.

Elizabeth of York is the only English Queen to have been a wife, daughter, sister, niece and mother to English Kings. Elizabeth is also the basis for the queen's picture found in a deck of cards.

Her second son Henry VIII of England followed his father as king, her eldest daughter Margaret married James IV of Scotland, and her youngest child Mary Tudor (queen consort of France) married Louis XII of France. Her daughter Margaret was the mother of James V of Scotland and the grandmother of Mary, Queen of Scots. Margaret was also the great-grandmother of James VI of Scotland and I of England from whom all subesquent British monarchs are descended.

Preceded by:
Anne Neville Queen Consort of England
18 January 1486 - 11 February 1503 Succeeded by:
Catherine of Aragon
[edit]
External links
ELIZABETH OF YORK GALLERY
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" Parents: Edward IV Plantagenet King of ENGLAND and Elizabeth (of Rivers) (Wydeville) WOODVILLE.

Information recieved from John Luddy Burke Jr. Parents: Fulk V The Younger of ANJOU Count of Anjou; King of Jerusalem and Ermengarde (Ermentrude) du MAINE [Countess of Anjof.

Spouse: Matilda (Maud) Empress QUEEN OF ENGLAND. Matilda (Maud) Empress QUEEN OF ENGLAND and Geoffrey V "Le Bon"The Fair PLANTAGENET Count of Anjou And Maine were married on 22 May 1127 in , Le Mans, Sarthe, France. Children were: Agnes PLANTAGENET, Henry II Curtmantle FITZEMPRESS King of England, Geoffrey VI "Mantell" PLANTAGENET [Count of Nantes], Guillaume (William) PLANTAGENET [Count of Poitou], Emma PLANTAGENET [Princess of Wales].

Spouse: Adelaide of ANGERS. Children were: Hamelin of Anjou Plantagenet DE WARENNE Earl of Surrey 5.

Children were: Mary of SHAFTESBURRY Abess of Shaftesbury.

OCCUPATION: Count of Anjou, Duke of Normandy.MISC: Geoffrey IV, also called GEOFFREY PLANTA GENET, by name GEOFFREY THE FAIR, French GEOFFROI PLANTAGENET, or GEOFFROI le BEL (b. Aug. 24 , 1113--d. Sept. 7, 1151, Le Mans, Maine [France]), count of Anjou (1131-51), Maine, and Tour aine and ancestor of the Plantagenet kings of England through his marriage, in June 1128, t o Matilda (q.v.), daughter of Henry I of England. On Henry's death (1135), Geoffrey claimed t he duchy of Normandy; he finally conquered it in 1144 and ruled there as duke until he gave i t to his son Henry (later King Henry II of England) in 1150.

Geoffrey was popular with the Normans, but he had to suppress a rebellion of malcontent Angev in nobles. After a short war with Louis VII of France, Geoffrey signed a treaty (August 1151 ) by which he surrendered the whole of Norman Vexin (the border area between Normandy and ole -de-France) to Louis. [Encyclopaedia Britannica CD '97] Parents: .

Spouse: Matilda "The Empress" QUEEN OF ENGLAND. Matilda "The Empress" QUEEN OF ENGLAND and Geoffrey V (IV) "The,le Bon" "Count Anjou" PLANTAGENET were married on 3 April 1127 in Le Mans, Sarthe, Fr (Both 2nd Marr, Or 22 May, him 15/Her 26).^{3154,3744,3745} Children were: Henry II "Curt Mantel" "Plantagenet" KING OF ENGLAND, Geoffrey VI "Mantell" PLANTAGENET Ct Nantes/Anjou, William (Guillaume) PLANTAGENET Ct Poitou, Emma PLANTAGENET Prss Wales.

Spouse: Adelaide (of Angers) PLANTAGENET Concubine 1. Adelaide (of Angers) PLANTAGENET Concubine 1 and Geoffrey V (IV) "The,le Bon" "Count Anjou" PLANTAGENET were married NOT MARRIED in (Unknown Mistress). Children were: Hamelin "5th Earl of Surrey" PLANTAGENET Prince.

Spouse: Isabel NEVILLE.

[merge G675.FTW]

*********Chapter House

Jim Webers notes state: EARLDOM OF SURREY (V)
HAMELIN illegitimate son of GEOFFREY V, styled "PLANTAGENET," COUNT OF ANJOU, TOURAINE and MAINE, sometime DUKE OF NORMANDY, by an unknown woman, held lands in Touraine, presumably the gift of his half-brother Henry II, and appears to have been styled vicomte of Touraine. He became EARL OF SURREY in consequence of his marriage to the Countess Isabel in 1164; in which year he attended the Council of Northampton. In 1166 he returned his carta, as holding 60 knights' fees. He supported the King against his rebellious sons in 1173; and in 1176 he was one of the nobles who escorted Henry's daughter Joan for her marriage to the King of Sicily. He was present at the 1st Coronation of Richard I, 3 September 1189. In the King's absence he supported the Chancellor against John; in 1193 he was one of the Treasurers for the King's ransom; and in 1194 he was at the Council of Nottingham. At Richard's 2nd Coronation, 17 April 1194, he bore one of the 3 swords; and he was present at the Coronation of King John, 27 May 1199. He was a benefactor, or confirmed previous gifts, to the abbeys of St. Mary's (York), St. Victor-en-Caux, West Dereham and Foucarmont, the priories of Lewes, Nostell, St. Katherine (Lincoln), Southwark, Thetford and Castle Acre, the Hospitallers, and the chapel of St. Philip and St. James in Conisborough Castle. He married, in 1164 (probably in April), Isabel, widow of William (OF BLOIS) 4th EARL OF SURREY, and only daughter and heir of William (DE WARENNE), 3rd EARL OF SURREY, all above-named. He died 7 May 1202 and was buried in the Chapter House at Lewes. Isabel survived him and made gifts for the soul of her late husband to the priory of St. Katherine, Lincoln, and to Lewes Priory. She was living in April 1203 but died probably soon afterwards, possibly 12 July 1203, and was buried in the Chapter House at Lewes (g). [Complete Peerage XII/1:499-500, (transcribed by Dave Utzinger)]

Jim Webers notes state:
Hameline Plantagenet, natural brother to King Henry II, likewise obtained, jure uxoris, the Earldom of Surrey, and assumed the surname and arms of de Warren. This nobleman bore one of the three swords at the second coronation of Richard I, and in the 6th of the same reign [1195], he was with that king in his army in Normandy. He d. 7 May, 1202, four years after the countess, having had issue, William, Adela, Maud, another dau. who m. Gilbert de Aquila, Isabel, and Margaret. [Sir Bernard Burke, Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited, and Extinct Peerages, Burke's Peerage, Ltd., London, 1883, p. 569, Warren, Earls of Surrey]

*********** Parents: Geoffrey V (IV) "The,le Bon" "Count Anjou" PLANTAGENET and Adelaide (of Angers) PLANTAGENET Concubine 1.

Spouse: Isabella "Countess of Surrey" DE WARENNE. Isabella "Countess of Surrey" DE WARENNE and Hamelin "5th Earl of Surrey" PLANTAGENET Prince were married in April 1164 in E. Surrey, Eng (Her 2nd of 2).¹⁸²⁰ Children were: Isabel (or Ida) "Countess of Norfolk" PLANTAGENET DE WARENNE.

Spouse: Maud CHAWORTH. Children were: Eleanor PLANTAGENET.

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following copied from James Stevens, World Connect db=:2052409, rootsweb.com
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Following is a brief summary of Henry's entry from the "Dictionary of National Biography" :

He served with EDWARD I in Flanders in 1297 and 1298. He fought in Scotland several times between 1298 and 1305. In 1315 he, in common with the other lords ofthe Welsh marches, joined the Earl of Hereford in putting down the rebellion of Llewelyn Bren, and in 1318 he was ordered to bring his Welsh retainers to Newcastle to serve against the Scots. He was opposed to the Despensers, for the greediness of the younger threatened the lords marchers generally; but he does not seem to have had any violent feelings against the king, and was not involved in his brother's [Thomas, Earl of Lancaster] treason. In 1324 he was created Earl of Lancaster, Earl of Leicester, and Steward of England, dignities which hadbeen held by his brother. It is evident that he was indignant at his brother'sfate, and was resolved to avenge it, and was not appeased by these honors. In 1324 the King unsuccessfully had him tried for treason. He was, at this time, regarded as the foremost man in the kingdom. Henry supported Queen Isabel upon her return to England and he was instrumental in the downfall of the Despensers and had custody of King Edward II for a time during his imprisonment. He is said to have treated the King very humanely. Henry was the guardian of King EdwardIII during his minority and was the chief member of the council of government.In 1326 he took the lead in opposition to the rule of Queen Isabel and her paramour, ROGER MORTIMER, EARL OF MARCH (RIN 684). Early in the year 1330, following a slow degeneration of his vision, Henry became totally blind. Still, he persuaded the king of the necessity of getting rid of MORTIMER and was the mastermind of the plot which led to MORTIMER'S capture, trial, and execution late in the year. The Earl's blindness, which he bore with patience, forced him to retire from active life; he gave himself wholly to devotion. He was courteous and kindhearted, of sound judgement, religious, and apparently of high Parents: .

Spouse: Maud De CHAWORTH. Maud De CHAWORTH and 3rd Earl Of Lancaster, Mp Henry PLANTAGENET were married before 2 March 1296/7 in Kidwelly, Dyfed, Carmarthenshire Wales.^16,1344 Children were: Blanche PLANTAGENET, Duke Of Lancaster Henry Of Grosmont PLANTAGENET, Maud PLANTAGENET, Isabel (Abbess) PLANTAGENET, [Countess] Eleanor PLANTAGENET, [Baroness Mowbray] Joan PLANTAGENET, [Baroness Percy Mary PLANTAGENET.

Spouse: Alix Daughter Of John De JOINVILLE. Alix Daughter Of John De JOINVILLE and 3rd Earl Of Lancaster, Mp Henry PLANTAGENET were married after 1322 in 2nd Husband 2nd Wife.^16,1344

Spouse: Maud CHAWORTH. Maud CHAWORTH and Henry PLANTAGENET were married in Kidwelly, Carmarthenshire, Wales. Children were: Henry PLANTAGENET, Eleanor PLANTAGENET, Joan PLANTAGENET, Mary PLANTAGENET.

?? Line 3368: (New PAF RIN=5612) 1 DEAT 2 PLAC Monastry Of Cannons Parents: Edmund PLANTAGENET and Blanche OF ARTOIS.

Spouse: Maud DE CHAWORTH. Maud DE CHAWORTH and Henry PLANTAGENET [EARL OF LANCAST were married before 2 March 1296/7 in Montisfont Priory,Hampshire,England. Children were: Maud PLANTAGENET, Henry "of Grosmont" PLANTAGENET [DUKE OF LANCAS, Joan PLANTAGENET [BARONESS MOWBRA, Eleanor PLANTAGENET [COUNTESS OF ARU, Mary PLANTAGENET [BARONESS PERCY, Blanche PLANTAGENET.

Spouse: Isabel DE BEAUMONT [DUCHESS OF LAN. Isabel DE BEAUMONT [DUCHESS OF LAN and Henry "of Grosmont" PLANTAGENET [DUKE OF LANCAS were married about 1336 in Of, Loughborough, Leicester, England.⁴

With the death in March 1360/1 of the 4th Earl of the 1265 creation (Henry of Grosmont, for the last ten yearsof his life Duke of Lancaster as well), the male line of what for want of a better term one may call the "Plantagenet" holders of the title ceased. But Henry of Grosmont's mad son-in-law William, Count of Hainault, Holland, Zeeland andFiesland and Duke of Bavaria, was known in England as Earl of Leicester from late March 1360/1 till his wife's death from plague just over a year later, where upon the title passed to her sister's husband John of Gaunt, better known as Duke of Lancaster and founder of the Lancastrian line of contenders for the throne. John of Gaunt's son Henry, who later became Henry IV, held the Earldom ofLeicester as one of his minor titles but on his usurping the throne it merged with the crown.
Most of the information on Kings & Queens of Scotland, Ireland, Wales, England and other parts of the British Isles & Europe and on the various Royal & Noble families in this family tree has come from one or more of the following sources:BURKE'S Genealogical and Heraldic History of the PEERAGE BARONETAGE AND KNIGHTAGE.
Edited by Peter Townend. Burke's Peerage Limited, London
"Burke's Peerage" popular name.

Also information from
Burke's Landed Gentry
Burke's Peerage Limited, London

Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage,
ISBN:0312125577
Debrett's Peerage Ltd
86/88 Edgware Road
London W2 2YW
For further information on Debrett's
e-mail people@@debretts.co.uk
Phone # +44 (0)171 916 9633.
http://www.debretts.co.uk/index.html

Directory of Royal Genealogical Data (Edinburgh Mirror)
http://www.tardis.ed.ac.uk/~bct/public/genealogy/royal/
Version: 29 Jul 99 Author: Brian TompsettBack: Royal and Noble genealogy Copyright (c) 1994 - 1999This is part of Royal and Noble Genealogical Data on the Web at
http://www.dcs.hull.ac.uk/public/genealogy/gedcom.html,

Royal Genealogies -- Menu
http://ftp.cac.psu.edu/~saw/royal/royalgen.html
Denis R. Reid
149 Kimrose Lane
Broadview Heights, Ohio 44147-1258
Internet Email address: ah189@@cleveland.freenet.edu
(216) 237-5364

Burke's possibly now published or distributed by
Almanach De Gotha Ltd,
9 Cork Street,Mayfair,
London, W1X 1PD
United Kingdom.
Tel (UK) 0181 404 2489
(International) +44(0) 181 404 2489
http://www.almanachdegotha.com/main_page.htm Parents: 3rd Earl Of Lancaster, Mp Henry PLANTAGENET and Maud De CHAWORTH.

Children were: [Duchess] Blanche PLANTAGENET.

Spouse: Roger BIGOD Earl of Norfolk 2nd. Children were: Mary BIGOD, Hugh BIGOD Earl of Norfolk, 3rd, Alice BIGOD, Margaret BIGOD.

Spouse: Henry II Curtmantle FITZEMPRESS King of England. Children were: William of Salisbury LONGESPEE Prince of England.

?? Line 6571: (New PAF RIN=6315) 1 BIRT 2 PLAC Of, Conisbrough Castle, Yorkshire, England Parents: Richard PRINCE OF ENGLAND and Anne DE MORTIMER.

Spouse: Henry BOURCHIER Earl of Essex. Isabel PLANTAGENET [Countess of Ess and Henry BOURCHIER Earl of Essex were married before 1404. Children were: John BOURCHIER Sir.

Spouse: Thomas GRAY.

Spouse: Henry BOURCHIER Earl of Essex. Isabel PLANTAGENET [Countess of Ess and Henry BOURCHIER Earl of Essex were married on 25 April 1428 in Dispensation. Children were: John BOURCHIER.

Spouse: Emperor Ii FREDERICK.

Spouse: John De MOWBRAY [BARON MOWBRAY]. Joan PLANTAGENET [BARONESS MOWBRA and John De MOWBRAY [BARON MOWBRAY] were married about 1339 in , Norfolk, England. Children were: John De MOWBRAY [BARON MOWBRAY], Blanche De MOWBRAY [BaronessPoyning, Alianore (Eleanor) MOUBRAY [Baroness LaWarr.

Spouse: Thomas HOLLAND. Children were: Thomas HOLLAND.

Spouse: Thomas DE HOLLAND. Children were: Thomas DE HOLLAND, John DE HOLLAND.

Spouse: Prince Edward OF WALES. Joan PLANTAGENET and Prince Edward OF WALES were married on 10 October 1361 in Windsor, England. Children were: Edward OF ANGOULEME, King Richard PLANTAGENET II.

Spouse: Ralph DE MORTHERMER. Children were: Thomas DE MORTHERMER.

Spouse: Gilbert "The Red Earl" DE CLARE. Joan Of Acre PLANTAGENET and Gilbert "The Red Earl" DE CLARE were married on 30 April 1290 in Westminsterabbey, Westminster, Middlesex, England. Children were: Countess Margaret DE CLARE.

MARRIAGE: He and first wife Isabella where brothered since before he was 10 years old. Divo rced based on their consanguinity.

OCCUPATION: Signed Magna Carta. John, Lackland, King of England, 1199-1216; b. 24 Dec. 1166 ; d. 19 Oct. 1216; m. (2) 24 Aug. 1200, Isabella of Angouleme; b. 1188; d. 31 May 1246.

DEATH: He died 19 Oct 1216. His intestines were taken by the abbot and entombed at Croxto n Abbey, but in accordance with his will his body was buried in Worcester Chathedral before t he altar of St Wulfstan, the 11th-century English bishop, who had been canonized in 1203.MISC : Matthew Paris wrote, 'Foul as it is, hell itself is defiled by the presence of King John' , and this pretty well sums up John's reputation--until 1944, that is. For in that year Profe ssor Galbraith demonstrated in a lecture to an astonished world that the chief chronicle sour ce for the reign of John was utterly unreliable. Since then bad King John has been getting be tter and better, until now he is nearly well again, and a leading scholar in the field has se riously warned us that the twentieth century could well create it own John myth.

A man who can create so many myths, or rather have them created about him, is clearly outstan ding in some way, but the myths hide the truth. Plainly the chroniclers who invented storie s about him after his death can tell us little, and we should not take too much notice of peo ple who condemned John for carrying out his father's (and his brother's officials'] policie s and administratrive routines, nor indeed those who condemned him because of the bitter trou bles that happened in the succeeding reign, troubles which were in no means entirely of John' s making. Recent historians have turned to the administrative records of his reign, and foun d there a very different picture; but still the lingering doubts remain--were these records t he result of John's skill and application or of those of his able staff?

John was a paunchy little man, five feet five inches tall, with erect head, staring eyes, fla ring nostrils and thick lips set in a cruel pout, as his splendid monument at Worcester shows . He had the tempestous nature of all his family, and a driving demoniac energy: Professor Ba rlow says that 'he prowled around his kingdom,' which is an evocative phrase, but it would b e truer to say that he raced around it. He was fastidious about his person--taking more bath s than several other medieval kings put together, and owning the ultimate in luxury, for tha t time, a dressing-gown. He loved good food and drink, and gambled a great deal, though he us ually lost--the results of his typical impatience and carelessness are recorded on his expens e rolls; above all things he loved women. Some say his 'elopment' was the cause of his loss o f Normandy. He was generous to the poor (for instance, he remitted to them the penalties of t he forest law), and to his servants; at the least he went through the motions of being a Chri stian king. He was extortionate, though if one considers the terrific increase in his outgoin gs (a mercenary soldier cost him 200 per cent more in wages than he would have in Henry II' s day) one can understand some of his actions in the field. He was deeply concerned about jus tice, took care to attend to court business, and listened to supplicants with sympathy; he ha d also an urgent desire for peace in the land, saying that his peace was to be observed 'eve n if we have granted it to a dog.' But for all that, he had two totally unredeeming vices; h e was suspicious, and enjoyed a cloak-and-dagger atmosphere--simply he did not inspire trus t in his subjects. Dr. Warren says of him with some justice that if he had lived in the twent ieth centure he would have adored to run a secret police.

He was born at Oxford on Christmas Eve 1167. He was oblated for a monk at the abbey of Fontev rault at the age of one year, but was back at court by the time he was six--plainly he had n o vocation, but he probably picked up at this early stage his fastidiousness and his passio n for books: his library followed him wherever he went. He was his father's favourite, but h e turned against the old man when his chance came, as he did against Richard (who had been ve ry generous to his brother) when the latter was in captivity in 1193. The episode was a miser able failure, but it possibly sowed the seeds of distrust for John in England, where they beg an to sprout luxuriantly in 1199 when Richard died and John came to the throne.

Immeditaely the challenge came: Philip Augustus, the wily King of France, was backing John' s nephew, Prince Arthur of Brittany (son of John's elder brother Geoffrey) as a contender fo r the throne, and England's French possessions fell prey to civil war. John found grave diffi cultly in dealing with the situation for a number of reasons, but in 1202 he made the remarka ble coup of capturing Arthur by force-marching his troups eighty miles in forty-eight hours ; but then his prosecution of the war became listless, and he lost much sympathy by his bruta l murder of Arthur whilst in a drunken rage. By 1204 Normandy was lost.

The loss of Normandy seemed to wake John up, and he now deployed his every energy in buildin g up the coastal defences of Britain, now faced with an enemy the other side of the Channel , instead of just more of her own territory. The navy was built up, and the army, and John po ured a quarter of his annual revenue into defence. But he could not persuade the baronage t o support him in a counterstroke to regain Normandy: the barons of the north country had neve r owned land in Normandy and did not see why they should pay to regain southerners's castle s for them. These 'Northerners' as they called themselves, were a hive of discontent, and mor e was to be heard from them. Meanwhile, John sailed angrily about in the Channel, cursing ine ffectually.

Other troubles were to come first, however. In 1205 the Archbishop of Canterbury, Hubert Walk er, died, and John assumed that he would have the choice of the new archbishop. However, Pop e Innocent III was no man to support secular control over church appointments, and supporte d the right of the monks of Canterbury to select their own archbishop. For two years the stor ms blew betwen England and Rome, then Stephen Langton was appointed. Meanwhile John had drive n the monks into exile and appropriated the revenues of the archdiocese. He had fallen out al so with his half-brother, Geoffrey Archbishop or York, over tax-collection, and he too fled a broad while John collected his revenues. Four bishops joined in his fight--tension was growin g to the snapping point. In 1208 the Pope put an Interdict on England, which in effect mean t the clergy went on stike, or, in certain cases and areas, worked to rule. John began negoti ations with Innocent, but, finding that he demanded unconditional surrender, stopped them an d took over all ecclesiastical properties and incomes. He did leave the clergy sufficient t o live, though barely; but he still gained a large increment to his usual finances. In Novemb er 1209 the Pope took the final step of excommjunicating the King, which, in that it made hi m an outlaw in Christendom, did far more damage than the Interdict.

John used his enlarged treasury to restore order in Scotland, Ireland and Wales, and to rebui ld the old alliance with Otto IV of Germany and the Count of Flanders against Philip Augustus . He planned a two-pronged attack on France, to take place in 1212. But that year turned ou t an unlucky one for John, for the barons again refused to serve abroad, and the army he ha d was needed to put down a revolt in Wales; the Pope was threatening to demote him, and Phili p Augustus was planning a massive invasion of England. John had to give in in one direction , for the prssure was much too great: he chose the Pope, and wisely so. He agreed to return t o the status quo in the matter of church property and establishment, and to pay compensation ; he further resigned his kingdom into the hands of the Pope, to receive it back in return fo r his homage and an annual tribute of 1,000 marks (a mark being two-thirds of a pound].

He had won a notable ally in Innocent III, who supported him faithfully throughout his troubl es. Then his fleet, his own creation, had the good luck to find the French fleet at anchor an d unprotected, destroyed it, and so made a French invasion impossible. On the crest of a wave , John determined to put his two-pronged invasion plan into action, but once more the norther n barons refused to play, and he set off to punish them. Stephen Langton had arrived on the s cene by now and managed to persuade John not to provoke the barons further.

In 1214 he finally managed to put his long cherished plan into action, but the two attacks we re not properly coordinated; Otto was defeated at Bouvines, and John was deserted by his Poit evin knights.

In 1215 John faced a baronage in turmoil: they could point to the failure of his expensive sc hemes, he ascribed his failure to their total lack of support. The situation could not be mor e tense. John's nervousness can be seen in his taking of the cross, a blatant attempt to rein force his alliance with the papacy. In April the Northerners met at Stamford; they were by no w a mixture of northerners and southerners--the name was now merely a nickname--but by and la rge they were the younger element in the kingdom, roughnecks out for a spree. They moved sout h and were let into London by a faction, and received the expected encouragement from Phili p Augustus in the form of siege engines brought over by one Eustace, a renegade monk turned p irate.

John offered arbitration, but the barons turned it down, and while he put his faith in an app eal to Rome, Stephen Langton, in cooperation with William Marshal and other more stable and s ensible barons, were working on the Northerners' demands to incorporate them into a general c harter, which would not only govern feudal relationships, but would also lay down a more gene ral pattern of legality in government. On 15 June John fixed his seal to the draft of Magna C arta, and on 19 June attested copies were sent to all parts of the kingdom.

The King did his part thoroughly, though for how long he would have continued is another matt er, but the barons continued to distrust him. They remained in arms, organising tournaments a s their excuse, saying that the prize would be 'a bear a certain lady would send.' This was c ivil war, and John took to it with a fiendish glee. He reduced the north and the east, and wa s about to mop up the remainder of the opposition in London when Philip Augustus' son Louis l anded in force to help the barons (May 1216). John had been riding hard for months, and was s ick with dysentery after a bout of over-eating; whilst crossing the Wash, the whole of his ba ggage-train was lost. At Neward Castle on 18 October, he died, desiring to be buried near hi s patron saint Wulfstan in Worcester Cathedral.

He was by no means a good man, and his energies could well have been put to a better use, bu t in a different situation he might well have made a great king. His constant failure was dis cipline, over himself first, and others second. John reminds me of nothing so much as the typ e of person who is brilliant in many ways, and has many gifts, but leaves after two terms 'no t suited to teaching in this type of school.' [Who's Who in the Middle Ages, John Fines, Barn es & Noble Books, New York, 1995]DEATH: CAUSE Fever, chills, exhaustion after crossing Was h of Lincoln & Norfolk.

Dark hair & coloring. Hazel (green/gold) eyes.

Source: 'The World Book Encyclopedia', 1968, p J110. 'Royalty for ommoners', Roderick W. Stua rt, 1993, p 38.: Reigned 1199-1216. Signed Magna Carta in 1215 at Runnymede. His reign saw r enewal of war with Phillip II Augustus of France to whom he lost several continental possesio ns including Normandy by 1205. He came into conflict with his Barons and was forced to Sign t he Magna Carta. His later repudiation of the charter led to the first barons war 1215-17 duri ng which John died. Burke says he was born in 1160. John 'Lackland' King Of England was know n as one of England's worst kings; however, modern analysis notes he was actually much bette r than his infamous reputation allows. His barons forced him to grant the famous charter o f liberties, Magna Carta, in 1215. He was often cruel, but he showed both administrative an d military ability. John succeeded his brother Richard the Lion-Hearted as king of England a nd duke of Normandy in 1199. His rule began badly. By inept politics and the murder of his ne phew Arthur, he lost the allegiance of many of his French barons. King Philip Augustus of Fra nce then declared war. In 1205 John was beaten, and lost all the English holdings in France e xcept Aquitaine. John persued a policy in England that brought him into conflict with Pope In nocent III. In 1208 the pope placed England under an interdict, which banned church services . The following year John was excommunicated. The king then showed his capacity for strong ru le. He forced Scotland into a subordinate position, kept the Welsh princes in check, and hel d a firm grip on Ireland. But his foreign favorites, professional troops, and autocratic fina ncial policy stirred up discontent among the English barons. When John failed to reconquer t he lost French territories in 1214, most of the barons and many of the clergy revolted. On Ju ne 15, 1215, the king was forced to approve the Magna Carta at Runnymede meadow beside the Ri ver Thames.

A few months later, John fought the barons. They were aided by Prince Louis of France, heir t o Philip Augustus, and appeared certain to win. But John penned his enemies in London and th e adjacent counties. He died suddenly in 1216, but his throne was saved for his son, Henry II I. Buried in Worcester Cathedral Concubine at Kings Manor House, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Englan d Divorced Isabel Fitzrobert 29 August 1189.

REF: "Falls the Shadow" Sharon Kay Penman: William the Conqueror requested a large number o f Jews to move to England after his conquest. They spoke Norman & did well under his reign . They continued to thrive under William's grandson Henry II. When Richard was coronated, h e did so "in a bath of Jewish blood." John merely taxed them very heavily, "bled them white".

REF: British Monarchy Official Website: Richard's success (at retrieving all of his French p ossessions taken by Philip Augustus) was short lived. In 1199 his brother, John, became kin g and Philip successfully invaded Normandy. By 1203 John had retreated to England, losing hi s French lands of Normandy and Anjou by 1205. John (reigned 1199-1216) was an able administra tor interested in law and government but he neither trusted others, nor was trusted by them.
Heavy taxation, disputes with the Church (John was excommunicated by the Pope in 1209) and un successful attempts to recover his French possessions made him unpopular. Many of his baron s rebelled and in June 1215 they forced the King to sign a peace treaty accepting their refor ms. This treaty, later known as Magna Carta, limited royal powers, defined feudal obligation s between the king and the barons, and guaranteed a number of rights. The most influential cl auses concerned the freedom of the Church; the redress of grievances of owners and tenants o f land; the need to consult the Great Council of the Realm so as to prevent unjust taxation ; mercantile and trading relationships; regulation of the machinery of justice so that justic e be denied to no one; and the requirement to control the behaviour of royal officials. The m ost important clauses established the basis of habeas corpus ('you have the body'), i.e. tha t no one shall beimprisoned except by due process of law, and that 'to no one will we sell, t o no one will we refuse or delay right or justice'.

The Charter also established a council of barons who were to ensure that the sovereign observ ed the Charter, with the right to wage war on him if he did
not. Magna Carta was the first formal document insisting that the sovereign was as much unde r the rule of law as his people; and that the rights of individuals were to be upheld even ag ainst the wishes of the sovereign. As a source of fundamental constitutional principles, Magn a Carta came to be seen as an important definition of aspects of English law, and in later ce nturies as the basis of the liberties of the English people. As a peace treaty Magna Carta wa s a failure and the rebels invited Louis of France to become their king. When John died in 12 16 England was in the grip of civil war.

**********Matthew Paris wrote, 'Foul as it is, hell itself is defiled by the presence of Kin g John', and this pretty well sums up John's reputation--until 1944, that is. For in that yea r Professor Galbraith demonstrated in a lecture to an astonished world that the chief chronic le source for the reign of John was utterly unreliable. Since then bad King John has been get ting better and better, until now he is nearly well again, and a leading scholar in the fiel d has seriously warned us that the twentieth century could well create it own John myth.

A man who can create so many myths, or rather have them created about him, is clearly outstan ding in some way, but the myths hide the truth. Plainly the chroniclers who invented storie s about him after his death can tell us little, and we should not take too much notice of peo ple who condemned John for carrying out his father's (and his brother's officials'] policie s and administratrive routines, nor indeed those who condemned him because of the bitter trou bles that happened in the succeeding reign, troubles which were in no means entirely of John' s making. Recent historians have turned to the administrative records of his reign, and foun d there a very different picture; but still the lingering doubts remain--were these records t he result of John's skill and application or of those of his able staff?

John was a paunchy little man, five feet five inches tall, with erect head, staring eyes, fla ring nostrils and thick lips set in a cruel pout, as his splendid monument at Worcester shows . He had the tempestous nature of all his family, and a driving demoniac energy: Professor Ba rlow says that 'he prowled around his kingdom,' which is an evocative phrase, but it would b e truer to say that he raced around it. He was fastidious about his person--taking more bath s than several other medieval kings put together, and owning the ultimate in luxury, for tha t time, a dressing-gown. He loved good food and drink, and gambled a great deal, though he us ually lost--the results of his typical impatience and carelessness are recorded on his expens e rolls; above all things he loved women. Some say his 'elopment' was the cause of his loss o f Normandy. He was generous to the poor (for instance, he remitted to them the penalties of t he forest law), and to his servants; at the least he went through the motions of being a Chri stian king. He was extortionate, though if one considers the terrific increase in his outgoin gs (a mercenary soldier cost him 200 per cent more in wages than he would have in Henry II' s day) one can understand some of his actions in the field. He was deeply concerned about jus tice, took care to attend to court business, and listened to supplicants with sympathy; he ha d also an urgent desire for peace in the land, saying that his peace was to be observed 'eve n if we have granted it to a dog.' But for all that, he had two totally unredeeming vices; h e was suspicious, and enjoyed a cloak-and-dagger atmosphere--simply he did not inspire trus t in his subjects. Dr. Warren says of him with some justice that if he had lived in the twent ieth centure he would have adored to run a secret police.

He was born at Oxford on Christmas Eve 1167. He was oblated for a monk at the abbey of Fontev rault at the age of one year, but was back at court by the time he was six--plainly he had n o vocation, but he probably picked up at this early stage his fastidiousness and his passio n for books: his library followed him wherever he went. He was his father's favourite, but h e turned against the old man when his chance came, as he did against Richard (who had been ve ry generous to his brother) when the latter was in captivity in 1193. The episode was a miser able failure, but it possibly sowed the seeds of distrust for John in England, where they beg an to sprout luxuriantly in 1199 when Richard died and John came to the throne.

Immeditaely the challenge came: Philip Augustus, the wily King of France, was backing John' s nephew, Prince Arthur of Brittany (son of John's elder brother Geoffrey) as a contender fo r the throne, and England's French possessions fell prey to civil war. John found grave diffi cultly in dealing with the situation for a number of reasons, but in 1202 he made the remarka ble coup of capturing Arthur by force-marching his troups eighty miles in forty-eight hours ; but then his prosecution of the war became listless, and he lost much sympathy by his bruta l murder of Arthur whilst in a drunken rage. By 1204 Normandy was lost.

The loss of Normandy seemed to wake John up, and he now deployed his every energy in buildin g up the coastal defences of Britain, now faced with an enemy the other side of the Channel , instead of just more of her own territory. The navy was built up, and the army, and John po ured a quarter of his annual revenue into defence. But he could not persuade the baronage t o support him in a counterstroke to regain Normandy: the barons of the north country had neve r owned land in Normandy and did not see why they should pay to regain southerners's castle s for them. These 'Northerners' as they called themselves, were a hive of discontent, and mor e was to be heard from them. Meanwhile, John sailed angrily about in the Channel, cursing ine ffectually.

Other troubles were to come first, however. In 1205 the Archbishop of Canterbury, Hubert Walk er, died, and John assumed that he would have the choice of the new archbishop. However, Pop e Innocent III was no man to support secular control over church appointments, and supporte d the right of the monks of Canterbury to select their own archbishop. For two years the stor ms blew betwen England and Rome, then Stephen Langton was appointed. Meanwhile John had drive n the monks into exile and appropriated the revenues of the archdiocese. He had fallen out al so with his half-brother, Geoffrey Archbishop or York, over tax-collection, and he too fled a broad while John collected his revenues. Four bishops joined in his fight--tension was growin g to the snapping point. In 1208 the Pope put an Interdict on England, which in effect mean t the clergy went on stike, or, in certain cases and areas, worked to rule. John began negoti ations with Innocent, but, finding that he demanded unconditional surrender, stopped them an d took over all ecclesiastical properties and incomes. He did leave the clergy sufficient t o live, though barely; but he still gained a large increment to his usual finances. In Novemb er 1209 the Pope took the final step of excommjunicating the King, which, in that it made hi m an outlaw in Christendom, did far more damage than the Interdict.

John used his enlarged treasury to restore order in Scotland, Ireland and Wales, and to rebui ld the old alliance with Otto IV of Germany and the Count of Flanders against Philip Augustus . He planned a two-pronged attack on France, to take place in 1212. But that year turned ou t an unlucky one for John, for the barons again refused to serve abroad, and the army he ha d was needed to put down a revolt in Wales; the Pope was threatening to demote him, and Phili p Augustus was planning a massive invasion of England. John had to give in in one direction , for the prssure was much too great: he chose the Pope, and wisely so. He agreed to return t o the status quo in the matter of church property and establishment, and to pay compensation ; he further resigned his kingdom into the hands of the Pope, to receive it back in return fo r his homage and an annual tribute of 1,000 marks (a mark being two-thirds of a pound].

He had won a notable ally in Innocent III, who supported him faithfully throughout his troubl es. Then his fleet, his own creation, had the good luck to find the French fleet at anchor an d unprotected, destroyed it, and so made a French invasion impossible. On the crest of a wave , John determined to put his two-pronged invasion plan into action, but once more the norther n barons refused to play, and he set off to punish them. Stephen Langton had arrived on the s cene by now and managed to persuade John not to provoke the barons further.

In 1214 he finally managed to put his long cherished plan into action, but the two attacks we re not properly coordinated; Otto was defeated at Bouvines, and John was deserted by his Poit evin knights.

In 1215 John faced a baronage in turmoil: they could point to the failure of his expensive sc hemes, he ascribed his failure to their total lack of support. The situation could not be mor e tense. John's nervousness can be seen in his taking of the cross, a blatant attempt to rein force his alliance with the papacy. In April the Northerners met at Stamford; they were by no w a mixture of northerners and southerners--the name was now merely a nickname--but by and la rge they were the younger element in the kingdom, roughnecks out for a spree. They moved sout h and were let into London by a faction, and received the expected encouragement from Phili p Augustus in the form of siege engines brought over by one Eustace, a renegade monk turned p irate.

John offered arbitration, but the barons turned it down, and while he put his faith in an app eal to Rome, Stephen Langton, in cooperation with William Marshal and other more stable and s ensible barons, were working on the Northerners' demands to incorporate them into a general c harter, which would not only govern feudal relationships, but would also lay down a more gene ral pattern of legality in government. On 15 June John fixed his seal to the draft of Magna C arta, and on 19 June attested copies were sent to all parts of the kingdom.

The King did his part thoroughly, though for how long he would have continued is another matt er, but the barons continued to distrust him. They remained in arms, organising tournaments a s their excuse, saying that the prize would be 'a bear a certain lady would send.' This was c ivil war, and John took to it with a fiendish glee. He reduced the north and the east, and wa s about to mop up the remainder of the opposition in London when Philip Augustus' son Louis l anded in force to help the barons (May 1216). John had been riding hard for months, and was s ick with dysentery after a bout of over-eating; whilst crossing the Wash, the whole of his ba ggage-train was lost. At Neward Castle on 18 October, he died, desiring to be buried near hi s patron saint Wulfstan in Worcester Cathedral.

He was by no means a good man, and his energies could well have been put to a better use, bu t in a different situation he might well have made a great king. His constant failure was dis cipline, over himself first, and others second. John reminds me of nothing so much as the typ e of person who is brilliant in many ways, and has many gifts, but leaves after two terms 'no t suited to teaching in this type of school.' [Who's Who in the Middle Ages, John Fines, Barn es & Noble Books, New York, 1995]

*****************

Parents: Henry II "Curt Mantel" "Plantagenet" KING OF ENGLAND and Eleanor QUEEN OF ENGLAND. Parents: .

Spouse: Isabella Of ANGOULEME. Isabella Of ANGOULEME and John I "Lackland" PLANTAGENET were married on 24 August 1200 in Bordeaux, France. Children were: Richard PLANTAGENET, Isabella PLANTAGENET, Eleanor PLANTAGENET, Henry KING OF ENGLAND III.

Spouse: Alexander III of SCOTLAND.