Spouse: Gunhilda "Cyrid" QUEEN DE SWEDEN. Gunhilda "Cyrid" QUEEN DE SWEDEN and Harold Blaantand KING OF DENMARK were married in 935. Children were: Lady Gunnora DE DENMARK.

Spouse: Leonor QUEEN OF CASTILE LAON. Leonor QUEEN OF CASTILE LAON and Edward "Long Shanks" KING OF ENGLAND were married on 18 October 1254 in Castile, Burgos, Burgos, Spain. Children were: Joan Of Acre PLANTAGENET, Elizabeth PLANTAGENET Princess.

Spouse: Eleanor Of CASTILLE.

Spouse: Margaret Of FRANCE. Children were: Thomas Earl of Norfolk DE BROTHERTON.

Spouse: Phillippa QUEEN OF ENGLAND. Children were: Thomas PRINCE OF ENGLAND, Edmund "Of Langley" PRINCE OF ENGLAND, John OF GAUNT.

Spouse: Matilda "Maud" EMPRESS OF GERMANY. Matilda "Maud" EMPRESS OF GERMANY and Geoffrey "Le Bon" "Plantagenet" KING OF ENGLAND V were married on 22 May 1127 in La Mans, Sarthe, France. Children were: Henry "Curt Mantel" KING OF ENGLAND II.

Spouse: Concubine DE NORMANDY. Children were: Robert "The King's Son" DE CAEN.

Spouse: Elbeonore COUNTESS OF PROVENCE. Elbeonore COUNTESS OF PROVENCE and Henry KING OF ENGLAND III were married on 14 January 1236 in Cathedral, Canterbury, Kent, England. They were married in January 1236. Children were: Edmund PLANTAGENET, Edward "Long Shanks" KING OF ENGLAND, Margaret PLANTAGENET, Edmund PLANTAGENET.

Spouse: Matilda "Atheling" PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND. Matilda "Atheling" PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND and Henry "Beauclerc" KING OF ENGLAND I were married on 11 November 1100 in Westminster, Middlesex, England. Children were: Matilda "Maud" EMPRESS OF GERMANY.

Spouse: Eleanor PRINCESS OF AQUITAINE. Eleanor PRINCESS OF AQUITAINE and Henry "Curt Mantel" KING OF ENGLAND II were married on 11 May 1152 in Bordeaux, Girorde, France. Children were: John "Lackland" KING OF ENGLAND, Eleanor PRINCESS OF ENGLAND.

Spouse: Sybilla DE CORBET. Sybilla DE CORBET and Henry I KING OF ENGLAND were married about 1111 in Bromland,Somersetshire,England. Children were: Earl Reginald DE DUNSTANVILLE, Earl Robert DE GLOUCESTER.

DEATH: On 1 Dec 1135,King Henry I of England died at Rouen, in the place known as Lyons-la-Foret. The Normans kept his intestines, and the rest of his body the English carried away to a tomb (in the abbey at Reading)

MISC: Henry I was born in the year 1068---a factor he himself regarded as highly significant, for he was the only son of the Conqueror born after the conquest of England, and to Henry this meant he was heir to the throne. He was not an attractive proposition: he was dissolute to a degree, producing at least a score of bastards; but far worse he was prone to sadistic cruelty---on one occasion, for example, personally punishing a rebellious burgher by throwing him from the walls of his town.

At the death of William the Conqueror, Henry was left no lands, merely 5,000 pounds of silver. With these he bought lands from his elder brother Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, only to see them taken back again a few years later by Robert, in unholy alliance with his brother William Rufus.

Henry could do little to avenge such treatment, but in England he found numerous barons who were tired of the exactions and ambitions of their king. He formed alliances with some of these, notably with the important de Clare family. He and some of the de Clares were with William Rufus on his last hunting expedition, and it is thought that the king's death was the result of Henry's plotting.

Certainly he moved fast to take advantage of it; leaving Rufus's body unattended in the woods, he swooped down on Winchester to take control of the treasury. Two days later he was in Westminster, being crowned by the Bishop of London. His speed is understandable when one realises that his elder brother, Robert [Curthose], was returning from the crusade, and claimed, with good reason, to be the true heir.

Henry showed great good sense in his first actions as King. He arrested Ranulph Flambard, William's tax-gatherer, and recalled Anselm, the exiled Archbishop. Furthermore, he issued a Charter of Liberties which promised speedy redress of grievances, and a return to the good government of the Conqueror. Putting aside for the moment his many mistresses, he married the sister of the King of Scots, who was descended from the royal line of Wessex; and lest the Norman barons should think him too pro-English in this action, he canged her name from Edith to Matilda. No one could claim that he did not aim to please.

In 1101 Robert Curthose invaded, but Henry met him at Alton, and persuaded him to go away again by promising him an annuity of D2,000. He had no intention of keeping up the payments, but the problem was temporarily solved.

He now felt strong enough to move against dissident barons who might give trouble in the future. Chief amongst these was the vicious Robert of Bellme, Earl of Shrewsbury, whom Henry had known for many years as a dangerous troublemaker. He set up a number of charges against him in the king's court, making it plain that if he appeared for trial he would be convicted and imprisoned. Thus Robert and his colleagues were forced into rebellion at a time not of their own choosing, were easily defeated and sent scuttling back to Normandy.

In Normandy Robert Curthose began to wreak his wrath on all connected with his brother, thus giving Henry an excellent chance to retaliate with charges of misgovernment and invade. He made two expeditions in 1104-5, before the great expedition of 1106 on which Robert was defeated at the hour-long battle of Tinchebrai, on the anniversary of Hastings. No one had expected such an easy victory, but Henry took advantage of the state of shock resulting from the battle to annex Normandy. Robert was imprisoned (in some comfort, it be said); he lived on for 28 more years, ending up in Cardiff castle whiling away the long hours learning Welsh. His son William Clito remained a free agent, to plague Henry for most of the rest of his reign.

In England the struggle with Anselm over the homage of bishops ran its course until the settlement of 1107. In matters of secular government life was more simple: Henry had found a brilliant administrator, Roger of Salisbury, to act as Justiciar for him. Roger had an inventive mind, a keen grasp of affairs, and the ability to single out young men of promise. He quickly built up a highly efficient team of administrators, and established new routines and forms of organisation within which they could work. To him we owe the Exchequer and its recording system of the Pipe Rolls, the circuits of royal justiciars spreading the king's peace, and the attempts at codification of law. Henry's good relationships with his barons, and with the burgeoning new towns owed much to skilful administration. Certainly he was able to gain a larger and more reliable revenue this way than by the crude extortion his brother had used.

In 1120 came the tragedy of the White Ship. The court was returning to England, and the finest ship in the land was filled with its young men, including Henry's son and heir William. Riotously drunk, they tried to go faster and faster, when suddenly the ship foundered. All hands except a butcher of Rouen were lost, and England was without an heir.

Henry's only legitimate child was Matilda, but she was married to the Emperor Henry V of Germany, and so could not succeed. But in 1125 her husband died, and Henry brought her home and forced the barons to swear fealty to her---though they did not like the prospect of a woman ruler. Henry then married her to Geoffrey of Anjou, the Normans' traditional enemy, and the
barons were less happy---especially when the newly-weds had a terrible row, and Geoffrey ordered her out of his lands. In 1131 Henry, absolutely determined, forced the barons to swear fealty once more, and the fact that they did so is testimoney of his controlling power. Matilda and Geoffrey were reunited, and in 1133 she produced a son whom she named for his grandfather. If only Henry could live on until his grandson was old enough to rule, all would be well.

But in 1135, against doctor's orders, he ate a hearty meal of lampreys, got acute indigestion, which turned into fever, and died. He was buried at his abbey in Reading---some said in as ilver coffin, for which there was an unsuccessful search at the Dissolution.

[Source: Who's Who in the Middle Ages, John Fines, Barnes & Noble Books, New York, 1995] After discussing with Betty Knoche, the various opinions from different sources about the mistresses and illegitimate children of Henry I (who probably had more than any other English monarch), I discovered an Appendix D in Volume XI of The Complete Peerage which lists all of the
"known" children and connects them, where possible, with the known mistresses. I have scanned the text and included it in the notes below. Please excuse any errors in scanning/translat ing the text.

HENRY I'S ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN (According to the Complete Peerage)

Henry I and Charles II were the only Kings of England to beget a large brood of bastards. Charles II's children have already been catalogued in vol. VI, Appendix F; from which it appears that Charles, who had no legitimate issue, is credited with 8 sons and 6 daughters, but that the paternity of one of those sons is not certain. This record is easily beaten by Henry I. Besides his 2, or possibly 3, legitimate children, it seems fairly certain that he was the father of at least 9 sons and 11 daughters. Moreover it is possible that one of the 9 sons really represents brothers of the same name; and finally it remains doubtful whether a certain unnamed daughter of the King was identical with one of the 11 or was yet another addition to his extensive family.

No complete catalogue of Henry's bastards is given by any contemporary writer. However, Robert de Torigny, in his additions to the Gesta Normannoram Ducum of William de Jumieges, enumerates 6 sons, mentioning the marriage of the first, gives the marriages of 6 daughters, of whom he names only three, and refers to another daughter, also unnamed, who was still unmarried when he wrote. Particulars of Henry's other children have to be collected from differents ources.

It is impossible to set out the names of the children in the order in which they were born, as the date of birth is not known for any of them; nor is it possible to arrange them according to their maternal parentage, for in most instances this is not recorded. Indeed, Robert de Torigny does not name the mother of any of the 13 children whom he enumerates except the unmarried daughter, although his omissions may occasionally be made good from other sources.

The sons were as follows, nos. 1 to 6 being those named by Robert de Torigny. He states that no. 1 was the eldest son, and it is certain from other evidence that no. 2 was the 2nd son ; but it is doubtful how far the others follow any chronological or other order. It seems likely that no. 6 was 3rd of the six, because when Robert wrote, probably not earlier than 1142, nos. 3, and 5 were still young and unmarried (or so he says); but no. 6 had died soon after his father, being then a married man, leaving issue. Where the 3 remaining sons should be inserted is again uncertain; but no. 8 should probably follow no. 2, and no. 9 come after no. 3, each pair being apparently children of the same mother. On the other hand, it is possible that Henry had two or more mistresses simultaneously.

(1) ROBERT the King's Son, styled also De Caen (e), the name and identity of whose mother are uncertain (f); b. probably circa 1090; cr. in 1122 (June-Sep.) EARL OF GLOUCESTER; m. Maud (named also Mabel and Sibyl) (g), da. and h. of Robert FitzHamon, LORD of GLAMORGAN, by Sibyl, da. of Roger (de Montgomery), 1st EARL of SHREWSBURY; d. 31 Oct. 1147 at Bristol; bur. at the Priory of St. James, Bristol. For fuller particulars of Robert and for his issue, see ante, vol. v, pp. 683-86, sub Gloucester. [Note: According to "Corrections and Additions to CP", another source indicates his mother is Nest verch Rhys, which is also discounted. Volume V of CP, published in 1926 indicates the mother was "Sibyl, daughter of Robert Corbet a burgess in Caen", but Volume XI, published in 1949, discounts that in note "f" below. The mother is officially unknown. Many say that the mother of Robert was a French woman and that he was born in Caen.]

(e) He attested charters regularly as Robert "filius, Regis"; but he is twice styled Robert de Caen (de Cadomo) by Orderic (ed. Le Prevost), vol. v, pp. 121, 122. The statement in the Dict. Nat. Biog. that Robert was born at Caen, citing Orderic, seems to be a deduction from these passages. That he was "known ... as Robert 'de Caen' from his birthplace" is also amassed by Round, Family Origins, p. 214.

(f) The statement by Pezet, cited ante, vol. v, p. 683, that she was Sibyl, dau.. of Robert Corbet, a burgess of Caen, seems to arise from confusion with Henry I's mistress Sibyl, dau . of Robert Corbet of Alcester (see below).

(g) Her name seems to have been Maud (Round, Cal. Docs., no. 799; Orderic, vol. iii, p. 318); but she is called Mabel by William of Malmesbury, Hist. Nevella (Rolls Ser.), pp. 529, 587, and by Robert of Gloucester (Rolls Ser.), II 8876, 8883, and Sibyl by Robert de Torigny, in his additions to Will. de Jumieges, p. 306. As Earl Robert claimed to be a banner-bearer (signifer) of the see of Bayeux by hereditary right (Rec. des Hist. de France, vol. xxiii, p . 700), that office was probably hereditary in his wife's family, and may have been appurtenant to the lands which she inherited.

(2) RICHARD, whose mother was Ansfride, a lady of unknown parentage, widow of Anskiill, a knight who was a tenant of Abingdon Abbey. He was b. ante 1101; served against the French in 1119, and was captured at Los Andelys, but was set free with his comrades by King Louis, because they had taken sanctuary in the church of N.D. du Grand Andely; was with his father at the siege of Evreux and the battle of Bremule, 20 Aug. 1119; and in Sep. was sent to raise the siege of Breteuil. He was betrothed to Amice, da. of Ralph de Gael, LORD of MONTFORT in Brittany and BRETEUIL in Normandy, with whom he was to receive all her father's Norman lands; but he d. s.p. immediately afterwards, being drowned in the wreck of the White Ship, 25 Nov. 1 120 (h), and Amice m. Robert, 2nd EARL of LEICESTER. (see ante vol. vii, pp. 529-30, sub
Leicester).

(h) His body was washed up many days later, far from the scene of the shipwreck.

(3) RAINALD of DUNSTANVILLE, whose mother was Sibyl, named also Adela and Lucy, da. and in her issue coh. of Robert Corbet, of Alcester, co. Warwick, and Longden, Salop; which Sibyl, after her liaison with Henry I, m. Herbert FitzHerbert. Rainald held land in Wiltshire in 1130. He was cr., circa Apr. 1141, EARL OF CORNWALL, by his half-sister the Empress Maud. He m. Beatrice, da. and h. of William FitzRichard. He d. spms. leg. 1 July 1175 at Chertsey, Surrey, when his Earldom reverted to the Crown, and was bur, at Reading Abbey. For fuller particulars see ante, vol. iii, p. 429, sub Cornwall.

(4) ROBERT the King¡s son, whose mother Ede or Edith was apparently da. of Forn, probably identical with Forn Sigulfson, lord of Greystoke (Cumberland) and a tenant-in-chief in co. York; which Edith, after her liaison with Henry I, m. Robert de Oilli, a royal Constable and constable of Oxford Castle. Robert held land in Devonshire in 1130. He supported his half-sister, the EMPRESS Maud, in the Civil War. He was a great tenant-in-chief, his servitium debitum being 100 knights. He m. Maud, dame du Sap in Normandy, widow of William de Courcy, and da. and h. of Robert de Avranches, by whom he had an only daughter. He d. 31 May 1172.

(5) GILBERT, still young and unmarried in (?) 1142. Nothing more is known of him.

(6) WILLIAM de Tracy or Tracey, whose mother is unknown, and who d. soon after his father, leaving (by an unknown wife) a daughter and heir (l).

(l) Grace, who m. John de Sudeley, of Sudeley Castle and Toddington, co. Gloucester, 3rd s. of Harold de Ewias, lord of Ewias (co. Hereford) and Sudeley, s. and h. of Ralph, Earl of Hereford, s. of Dreu, Count of the French Vexin, by Godgifu, sister of Edward the Confessor. The 1st son, Ralph de Sudeley, suc. his father at Sudeley; the 2nd son, William of Toddington, took his mother's name of Tracy or Tracey; hence Ralph de Sudeley confirmed a gift of his brother William de Tracy to Gloucester Abbey. The direct line of Tracy of Toddington became extinct on the death of Henry (Tracy), 8th Viscount Tracy, in 1797; but cadets of this very ancient house may still exist. [Note: According to Ancestral Roots (line 222-27), Grace was not a daughter of William, but of unknown parents; and Grace's son John was b. bef 1114 ("of age by 1135", admittedly from a "bef 1130" marriage, but there is no way Grace fits as daughter of William "b. c 1190" with a son born that early. Therefore I have Grace's father as an unknown Henry de Tracy.]

(7) Henry the King's son, whose mother was Nest, da. of Rhys ap TEWDWR, Prince of South Wales where Henry was born, and wife of Gerald de Windsor. He was slain during Henry II¡s invasion of Anglesey in 1157, leaving (by an unknown wife) 2 sons.

(8) FULK the King's son, and Richard the tutor, witnessed a gift to Abingdon Abbey by William, s. of Anskill and Ansfride, the mother of Henry I's s. Richard, all abovenamed; the gift being made in consideration of his mother having been bur, in the abbey. The obvious inference is that Folk was a yr. s. of Henry and Ansfride, and was being brought up at the abbey in charge of his tutor. In any event he must have been a son of Henry I. Fulk probably became a monk at Abingdon or d. young.

(9) WILLIAM, brother of the Queen [Sibyl of Scotland], who was one of Henry I's illegitimate daughters (see below), was presumably a son of Sibyl Corbet, and may be supposed to have accompanied his sister to Scotland. As Willelmensus frater reginae, his name occurs among those of the witnesses to the foundation-charter (of doubtful authenticity) of Scone Priory, issued by Alexander I and Queen Sibyl, circa 1120; and again to a charter of Alexander for Scone in 1124. Sibyl had d. s.p. in 1122 and Alexander d. s.p. in 1124, and as there is no more trace of William in Scotland, it is likely that he returned to England. Probably he is William the King¡s son who attested a charter of Robert de Toni, 1129-33. In 1166 William frater comitis Reginaldi was holding half a knight's fee in Devonshire under Robert the King¡s son, and 4 fees in Cornwall, as William frater Comitis, under Earl Rainald of Cornwall. Earl Rainald¡s brother attested 2 charters of the earl as Willelmo fratre meo." and issued a charter as "Willelmus de Marisco frater Reginaldi comitis Cornubie," in which he mentions his wife Alice. He was living in 1187.

The daughters were as follows, the first 7 being in the same order as in the list of Robert de Torigny; who gives the marriages of nos. 1 to 6, but omits the Christian names of 4, 5, 6 and 7.

(1) MAUD, whose mother was Edith, of whom nothing is known (b). She m. in 1103, Rotrou, COUNT of Perche, styled the Great, s. and h. of Geoffrey, Count of Perche, by Beatrice, da. of Hilduin, Count of Montdidier and (jure uxoris) Count of Roucy. Rotrou had gone on the 1st Crusade in 1096. In 1105 and 1114 he went to Spain, to help his cousin Alfonso I, King of Navarre and Aragon, against the Moors. In 1114 he assisted Henry I at the siege of Belleme, which he had long before claimed as his hereditary right. The King granted him the Belleme fiefs. He was present at the death of his royal father-in-law in 1135. In 1137 Stephen gave him Moulins; but in 1141 he made terms with Geoffrey Plantagenet. Maud was drowned in the wreck of the White Ship, 25 Nov. 1120, leaving 2 daughters. Rotrou m., 2ndly, before 1127, Hawise, da. of Walter de Salisbury, and sister of Patrick, 1st EARL OF Salisbury. He d. in 1144 at the siege of the Tower of Rouen (20 Jan. to 23 Apr.) by Geoffrey Plantagenet, and his widow m., as his 2nd wife, Robert, 1st Count of Dreux, 3rd s. of Louis VI (Le Gros), King of France; which Robert styled himself Count of Perche and lord of Belleme during the minority of his stepson.

(b) As her daughter married in 1103, she cannot be the daughter of Forn.

(2) MAUD, who m. Conan III, Duke of Brittany, s. of Alan Fergant, Duke of Brittany, by his 2nd wife, Ermengard, da. of Fulk IV, Count of Anjou. Maud had 1 son and 2 daughters.

(3) JULIANE, who m. in 1103, Eustace de Pacy, styled also de Breteuil. Lord of Breteuil and Pacy, illegitimate son of William on Breteuil, 1st s. of William (FitzOsbern), 1st EARL OF HER EFORD (ante, vol. vi, p. 449, note "c", sub Hereford). In 1119 Eustace took part in the rebellion against Henry I, who besieged Juliane in Breteuil. She fled to Pacy, and in the autumn of 1119 she and her husband were pardoned by the King. A few years later she became a nun at Fontevrault. Eustace d. at the beginning of Lent, 1136. They had issue 2 sons and 2 daughters.

(4) ?Eustacie? (k) who m. William Gouet III, LORD or MONTMIRAIL and other fiefs in that part of Perche which, at a much later date, became known as Perche-Gouet; who was 2nd but 1st surv. s. and h. of William Gouet II, LORD of Montmirail and Chateau-du-Loir, and (jure matris) of Alluye and Brou, by his wife Eustache, and was b. ante 1080. His elder br. Hugh having d. v.p. he became the heir, and joined with his father and mother Eustache, and his brothers Robert and Matthew, in the foundation of the Priory of St. Gilles des Chateigniers as a cell of Tiron. In 1114, as William Gouet junior (juvenem), he was one of the nobles (optimates) of Theobald, Count of Chartres, whom the Count called in to advise him. In 1116, with his father and mother, he gave judgement in a dispute between the abbey of Marmoutier and Gaston de Brou. He suc. his father, probably about 1117. He has been confused with his father, and with his s. and h., William Gouet IV, with whom the line ended. [Note: "Correction and Additions to CP" indicates that her name is Mabel.]

(k) R. de Torigny does not name her, and Marx does not try to ascertain her name; nor has it been found in charters. She is called Eustacie by Ramsay, presumably through confusion with her mother-in-law.

(5) CONSTANCE, named also MAUD, who m. Roscelin de Beaumont, hereditary vicomte of Maine, styled Vicomte de Beaumont, Lord of Beaumont-le-Vicomte (alias Beaumont-sur-Sarthe), Fresnay and Ste.-Suzanne, s. of Ralph de Beaumont, by sister of Guy de Laval. Henry I gave South Tawton (Devon), to Roscelin de Beaumont in marriage with his da. Constance. They had 2 sons.

(6) ALICE, named also ALINE, who m. Matthew de Montmorenci, 1st s. and h. of Bouchard de Montmorenci, by his 1st wife, Agnes, da. of Yves II, Count of Beaumont-sur-Oise. She d. after having sons by Matthew, who m. 2ndly, Adelaide, widow of Louis VI (Le Gros), King of France, da. of Humbert II, Count of Savoy, by Gisele, da. of William, Count of Burgundy; by whom he had no issue. Matthew was Constable of France.

(7) ISABEL, whose mother was Isabel (or Elizabeth), da. of Robert (de Beauchamp), Count or Meulan and 1st Earl of Leicester, by Isabel (or Elizabeth), da. of Hugh the Great, Count of Ver mandois; which last-named Isabel m., 2ndly, William (de Warenne), 2nd Earl of Surrey (see ante, vol. vii, p. 526, sub Leicester). The youngest of the Isabels was still unmarried when Robert de Torigny wrote, and so far as is known she never married. Her mother m. Gilbert (FitzGilbert, styled also de Clare), 1st Earl of Pembroke, and she seems to have lived with her mother during the life and after the death of her stepfather (see ante, vol. x, Appendix H, p. 10 2).

(8) SIBYL, whose mother was probably Sibyl Corbet. She m. Alexander I, King of Scotland, with whom she is said to have been joint founder of Scone Priory. She gave Beeth," a valuable property in Fifeshire, to the abbey of Dunfermline. She d.s.p., suddenly, 12 or 13 July 11 22, on the island of Loch Tay. Alexander d.s.p. 23 Apr. 1124 and was bur. at Dunfermline Abbey, being suc, by his br. David.

(9) MAUD, abbess of Montivilliers, is called a sister of the Empress Mood by the Valasse Chronicle. Traditionally she was identified with Henry l's daughter by Isabel de Beaumont, doubtless because Isabel's daughter was the only one in Robert de Torigny's list not recorded to be married to another person. The compilers of Gallia Christiana seem somewhat sceptical of Maud's royal parentage; but this appears to be unreasonable, as the writer of the Valasse Chronicle was a contemporary.

(10) GUNDRED, The Pipe Roll of 130 mentions Gundred, sister of Rainald de Dunstanville. Nothing more is known of her. [Note: "Corrections and Additions to CP" indicates that the Rainald referred to here is not the illegitimate son of Henry I, but another Rainald de Dunstanville, and therefore Gundred is not an illegitimate daughter of Henry I either.]

(11) ROHESE, who m., not later than 1146, Henry de la Pomerai, a great Devonshire baron, s. and h. of Joscelin de la Pomerai. He fought for Henry I in the rebellion of 1123, and in the King's later years was a deputy or assistant Constable in his Household. In 1136 he was one of Stephen's commanders in Normandy. He prospered under Henry II. He was dead in 1167. His wife was probably living in 1175 or 1176. They left sons, Henry and Joscelin. [Note: Ancestral Roots argues that Rohese was daughter of Sybil Corbet, but by her husband Herbert FitzHerbert, pointing out that her daughter married William de Tracy, who would have been the daughter's 1st cousin, if she were also descended from Henry I.]

(12) Finally there is the question of the identity of the unnamed daughter whom Henry I had agreed to give to William de Warenne. The King asked Anselm what he ought to do, seeing that the parties were related in the 4th generation on one side and in the sixth on the other. There is no evidence as to whether the girl was one of the 11 daughters already enumerated or
another. The archbishop protested against the marriage and it never took place. William de Waren ne was probably the 2nd Earl of Surrey, the only man of that name known to be living at the time, who was 4th in descent from the common ancestors: the parents of Gunnor, Duchess of Normandy.

Henry was evidently devoid of racial prejudices in the choice of his mistresses. Of the six whose names are known, the 2 Ediths must have been English; Ansfride and Sibyl Corbet were presumably Norman. Nest was Welsh; Isabel de Beaumont was Norman on one side, French on the other.

Henry I has been credited with 2 more daughters, for whom he was not responsible:

(i) In the Index to Le Prevost's edition of Orderic¡s Historia Ecclesiastica, under "Helie de Saint-Saens," there are the entries: "Epouse Ia fille naturelle de Robert Courte-Heuse Ensuite Ia fille naturelle de Henri Ire. IV, 232"; and under Henri Ire": Une de ses filles natu relles epouse Helie de SaintSums. IV, 232." However, the compiler has misunderstood the passage cited, which refers to Helie's marriage with a daughter of Duke Robert. The alleged 2nd marriage and the King¡s alleged daughter are alike fictitious.

(ii) Orderic, in his -account of the war between Henry I of England and Louis VI of France, speaks of William de Chaumont as the King¡s son-in-law. This has been misunderstood as referring to the King of England, and William's wife is included among Henry l's daughters by Ramsa y; but charter evidence proves that she was the daughter of the King of France.

Henry's benefactions to the Church caused the monkish historians to palliate his sins and to find excuses for his lust; but they could not avert the fatal consequence. When the White Ship was wrecked on the deadly rock, a boat was launched and the King¡s only legitimate son and heir was being rowed to safety. It was the cries of his illegitimate half-sister, the Countess of Perche, which induced him to return to the wreck, where they sank together. [THE COMPLETE PEERAGE, Volume XI, Appendix D, pp. 105-121]

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King of England 1100-35, duke 1106-35. Because his father left him no land, he made several unsuccessful attempts to gain territories on the Continent. On the death of his brother William II and absence of his brother Robert, he seized the royal treasury and had himself crowned in 1100. No male heir, so his daughter Matilda was heiress. [Funk & Wagnalls]

Distinctly abnormal in his sexual preferences. Widely separated from his elder brothers by age and better educated than they. His intellectual interests allowed him to move more easily in cultivated circles than his brothers. The church prospered under his rule. But in his private life he was as licentious as his brothers, a cold lecher, cruel, ungenerous,
calculating, in some ways the most unpleasant of them all. [William I and the Norman Conquest]

His first act as king was to bid for popularity by granting a charter promising to reform all the abuses of his brother's reign. Soon, however, he took up the quarrel with Anselm. This struggle was far more fundamental than a mere difference between two men; the real question was whether the Church or the State should be supreme, a problem which agitated all Europe during the Middle Ages. The particular issue upon which Anselm and Henry differed was lay investiture. The quarrel was settled by a compromise: the king could not invest churchmen with their symbols of office, but he would receive homage from them for the land they held as feudal vassals. This looked like a victory for the Church, but in reality the king was strong enough to continue influencing church elections. [Outline History of Mankind]

Some of Henry I's principal difficulties during his early reign were with his eldest brother, Robert. When William Rufus died, Robert was on a Crusade. When Robert returned, Henry was already on the throne. In 1101 Robert invaded England, but Henry met him and their difficulties were temporarily settled without battle. But the peace did not last. Henry regarded Robert as a threat to his own security, and in 1106 he crossed into Normandy, and at the Battle of Tinchebrai took his brother prisoner. Robert was well treated, but remained a prisoner until his death in 1134. [Outline History of Mankind]

On the whole, Henry was a good king. He maintained order and preserved justice. In fact, so great was his reputation for protecting the weak against the strong, that he was called "the lion of justice." He was a good financial manager and efficiently organized the exchequer , or treasury department. He strengthened his control over the country by sending royal
judges, called itinerant justices, over the land to hear cases. Finally, he waged no major wars, although he did take an active part in international affairs. [Outline History of Mank

**************** Parents: .

Spouse: Sibella (Sibyl) DE CORBET Lady Alcester. Sibella (Sibyl) DE CORBET Lady Alcester and Henry I "Beauclerc" KING OF ENGLAND were married NOT MARRIED in (His Mistress).^1729,1730 Children were: Adela CORBET of Eng, Constance (Maud) DU MAINE, Eustacia de NORMANDY, Joan (Elizabeth) PRINCESS OF ENGLAND, Gunherd PRINCESS OF ENGLAND, Sybilla Elizabeth FITZ HENRY DE FALAISE Queen Scotland, Reginald FITZ ROY (FITZ HENRY) DE DUNSTANVILLE Earl Cornwall/Sheriff Dev, Emma PRINCESS OF ENGLAND, William De TRACY Constable Eng, Matilda PRINCESS OF ENGLAND, Alice PRINCESS OF ENGLAND, Gilbert PRINCE OF ENGLAND, Rohese PRINCESS OF ENGLAND, Joan (Elizabeth) PRINCESS OF ENGLAND, Elizabeth PRINCESS OF ENGLAND.

Information recieved from John Luddy Burke Jr. Parents: William I "The Conqueror" King of ENGLAND [Duke of Normandy] and Matilda OF FLANDERS.

Spouse: Edith SIGULFSON. Children were: Robert FITZEDITH Baron of Okenhampton.

Spouse: Edith FITZFORNE. Children were: Maud OF ENGLAND.

Spouse: Sybilla CORBET. Children were: Robert "The King's Son" DE CAEN, Sybillia OF FALAISE, Constance PRINCESS OF ENGLAND, Matilda (Maud) PRINCESS OF ENGLAND, Gilbert PRINCE OF ENGLAND, William DE TRACY, William, Constable PRINCE OF ENGLAND, Eustacie PRINCESS OF ENGLAND, Alice (Aline) PRINCESS OF ENGLAND, Gundred PRINCESS OF ENGLAND, Rohese PRINCESS OF ENGLAND, Joan (Elizabeth) PRINCESS OF ENGLAND, Emma PRINCESS OF ENGLAND, Reginald De Dunstanville FITZROY.

Spouse: Matilda (Edith) of Scotland CANMORE. Matilda (Edith) of Scotland CANMORE and Henry I "Beauclerc" KING OF ENGLAND were married on 11 November 1100 in Westminster, London, Middlesex, England. Children were: Euphamia PRINCESS OF ENGLAND, Matilda (Maud) Empress QUEEN OF ENGLAND, William The Aetheling DUKE OF NORMANDY, Richard PRINCE OF ENGLAND, Elizabeth PRINCESS OF ENGLAND.

Spouse: Nest Verch RHYS [Princess of Wales]. Children were: Henry FITZROY.

Spouse: Isabel (Elizabeth) DE BEAUMONT. Children were: Isabel PRINCESS OF ENGLAND, Maud of Montivilliers ABBESS OF MONTIVILLIERS.

Spouse: Adeliza of LOUVAIN Queen of England. Adeliza of LOUVAIN Queen of England and Henry I "Beauclerc" KING OF ENGLAND were married about 1086 in Of, , , England.

OCCUPATION: King of England, 25 Oct 1154-1189, called Curt Mantel; Count of Anjou, Duke of N ormandy.MISC: Henry II was born at Le Mans in 1133. He was the eldest son of the Empress Mat ilda, daughter of Henry I, by her second marriage to Geoffrey the Fair of Anjou. His parents ' marriage was tempestous, and both parties were glad when politics brought a separation, wit h Matilda going to England to fight King Stephen, and Geoffrey of Normandy to win a heritag e for young Henry.

He first came to England at the age of nine when his mother made her dramatic escape from Oxf ord where she was besieged by Stephen, across the ice and snow, dressed all in white, to welc ome him at Wallingford. His next visit, when he was fourteen, showed his character: he recrui ted a small army of mercenaries to cross over and fight Stephen in England, but failed so mis erably in the execution of his plans that he ended up borrowing money from Stephen to get bac k home. A third expedition, two years later, was almost as great a failure. Henry was not a s oldier, his were skills of administration and diplomacy; warfare bored and sometimes frighten ed him. For the meanwhile he now concentrated on Normandy, of which his father had made him j oint ruler. In 1151, the year of his father's death, he went to Paris to do homage to Louis V II for his duchy. There he met Queen Eleanor, and she fell in love with him.

Henry was by no means averse. To steal a king's wife does a great deal for the ego of a youn g duke; he was as lusty as she, and late in their lives he was still ardently wenching with ' the fair Rosamund' Clifford, and less salubrious girls with names like 'Bellebelle'; finally , she would bring with her the rich Duchy of Aquitaine, which she held in her own right. Wit h this territory added to those he hoped to inherit and win, his boundaries would be Scotlan d in the north, and the Pyrenees in the south.

Henry was, apart from his prospects, a 'catch' for any woman. He was intelligent, had learne d Latin and could read and possibly write; immensely strong and vigorous, a sportsman and har d rider who loved travel; emotional and passionate, prone to tears and incredible rages; care lessly but richly dressed, worried enough in later life to conceal his baldness by careful ar rangement of his hair, and very concerned not to grow fat.

But now he was in the prime of youth, and in 1153, when he landed with a large force in Brist ol, the world was ready to be won. He quickly gained control of the West Country and moved u p to Wallingford for a crucial battle with Stephen. This was avoided, however, because in the preparations for the battle Henry fell from his horse three times, a bad omen. Henry himsel f was not superstitious -- he was the reverse, a cheerful blasphemer -- but he disliked battl es and when his anxious advisers urged him to heed the omen, he willingly agreed to parley pr ivately with Stephen. The conference was a strange occasion: there were only two of them ther e, at the narowest point of the Thames, with Henry on one bank and Stephen on the other. Non e the less, they seem to have come to an agreement to take negotiations further.

That summer Stephen's son died mysteriously, and Eleanor bore Henry an heir (about the same t ime as an English whore Hikenai produced his faithful bastard Geoffrey). The omens clearly sh owed what was soon confirmed between the two -- that when Stephen died, Henry should rule i n his place. A year later Stephen did die, and in December 1154, Henry and Eleanor were crown ed in London.

Henry was only 21, but he soon showed his worth, destroying unlicensed castles, and dispersin g the foreign mercenaries. He gave even-handed justice, showing himself firm, but not undul y harsh. A country racked by civil war sighed with relief. Only two major difficulties appear ed: first Henry's failure in his two Welsh campaigns in 1157 and 1165, when guerilla tactic s utterly defeated and on the first occasion nearly killed him; second was the reversal of hi s friendship for Becket when he changed from being Chancellor to Archbishop of Canterbury i n 1162.

The quarrel with Becket was linked with the King's determination to continue his grandfather' s reform of the administration of justice in the country. He was anxious for a uniform patter n, operated by royal justices, to control the corrupt, ill-administered and unequal local sys tems operated by barons and churchmen. At Clarendon in 1166 and Northampton in 1176, he got h is council's agreeemnt to a series of measures which established circuits of royal justices d ealing with the widest range of criminal activities. The method of operation was novel, too , relying on a sworn jury of inquest of twelve men. Though not like a modern jury, in that th ey were witnesses rather than assessors, the assize juries were the ancestors of the modern E nglish legal system.

Henry travelled constantly, and much of the time in his Contninental territories, for there w ere constant rebellions to deal with, usually inspired or encouraged by Louis of France. Henr y was determined to keep the integrity of his empire, and to pass it on as a unity. To do thi s was no small task, but in 1169 Henry held a conference with the King of France which he hop ed would achieve his objectives: he himself again did homage for Normandy, his eldest son Hen ry did homage for Anjou, Maine and Brittany, and Richard for Aquitaine. The next year he ha d young Henry crowned in his own lifetime. If anything could preserve the succession, surel y this would, yet, in fact, it brought all the troubles in the world onto Henry's head, for h e had given his sons paper domains, and had no intention that they should rule his empire. Ye t a man with a title does not rest until he has that title's power.

Late in 1171 Henry had a pleasant interlude in Ireland -- escaping from the world's condemnat ion for the murder of Becket. He spent Christmas at Dublin in a palace built for him out of w attles by the Irish.

Meanwhile, Eleanor had been intriguing with her sons, urging them to revolt and demand thei r rights. Early in 1173 they trooped off to the French court, and with Louis joined in an att ack on Normandy. Henry clamped Eleanor into prison and went off to meet the new threat. Whils t he was busy meeting this, England was invaded from Flanders and Scotland, and more barons w ho fancied a return of the warlord days of Stephen broke into revolt.

Plainly it was St. Thomas's revenge, and there was no hope of dealing with the situation with out expiation. In July 1174 Henry returned to England, and went in pilgrim's dress to Canterb ury. Through the town he walked barefoot, leaving a trail of blood on the flinty stones, an d went to keep his vigil of a day and a night by the tomb, not even coming out to relive hims elf. As he knelt, the assembled bishops and all the monks of Christchurch came to scourge hi m -- each giving him three strokes, but some with bitterness in their hearts laying on with f ive.

It was worth it though, for the very morning his vigil ended Henry was brought the news tha t the King of Scotland had been captured. He moved quickly northwards, receving rebels' submi ssion all the time. He met up with Geoffrey who had fought valiantly for him, and commented , 'My other sons have proved themselves bastards, this one alone is my true and legitimate so n.'

Returning to France, he quickly came to an agreement with Louis and his three rebel sons, giv ing each a substantial income, though still no share of power.

Richard set to work reducing the Duchy of Aquitaine to order, and quickly proved himself an a ble general who performed tremendous feats, such as capturing a fully manned and provisione d castle with three walls and moats to defend it. But the people were less easy to subdue - - they loved war for its own sake as their poet-leader, Bertrand de Born, shows well in his w orks: '. . . I love to see amidst the meadows tents and pavilions spread; and it gives me gre at joy to see drawn up on the field knights and horses in battle array; and it delights me wh en the scouts scatter people and herds in their path; and my heart is filled with gladness wh en I see strong castles besieged, and the stockades broken and overwhelmed, and the warrior s on the bank, girt about by fosses, with a line of strong stakes, interlaced . . . Maces, sw ords, helms of different hues, shields that will be riven and shattered as soon as the figh t begins; and many vassals struck down together; and the horses of the dead and wounded rovin g at random. And when battle is joined, let all men of good lineage think of nought but the b reaking of heads and arms: I tell you I find no such savour in food or in wine or in sleep a s in hearing the shout "On! On!" from both sides, and the neighing of steeds that have lost t heir riders, and the cries of "Help! Help!"; and in seeing men great and small go down on th e grass beyond the fosses; in seeing at last the dead, with the pennoned stumps of lances sti ll in their sides.'

These robust knights were actively encouraged by the young King Henry. He was handsome, charm ing and beloved of all, but also feckless and thoughtless -- far keener on tournaments and fr ivolity than the serious business of government. Then in the midle of his new rebellion he ca ught disentery and shortly died. His devoted followers were thunderstruck -- one young lad ac tually pined to death -- and the rebellion fizzled out.

The young king was dead, but Henry, wary of previous errors, was not going to rush into makin g a new one. He called his favourite youngest son, John, to his side and ordered Richard to g ive his duchy into his brother's hands. Richard -- his mother's favourite -- had made Aquitai ne his home and worked hard to establish his control there; he refused to give his mother's l and to anyone, unless it were back to Eleanor herself.

Henry packed John off to Ireland (which he speedily turned against himself) whilst he arrange d to get Eleanor out of her prison and bring her to Aquitaine to receive back the duchy. Mean while the new King of France, Philip, was planning to renew the attack on English territories , all the while the three, Henry, Richard, and Philip, were supposed to be planning a joint c rusade.

In 1188 Henry, already ill with the absessed anal fistula that was to cause him such an agoni sing death, refused pointblank to recognise Richard as his heir. The crazy project for substi tuting John was at the root of it all, though Henry may have deluded himself into thinking h e was playing his usual canny hand.

But diplomacy was giving way to the Greekest of tragedies. In June 1189, Philip and Richard a dvanced on Henry at his birthplace in Le Mans, and he was forced to withdraw with a small com pany of knights, showering curses on God. Instead of going to the safety of Normandy, he rod e hard, his usual long distance, deep into Anjou. This worsened his physical condition and, i n high fever, he made no effort to call up forces to his aid. Forced to meet Philip and Richa rd, he was so ill he had to be held on his horse whilst he deliriously mumbled his abject agr eement to their every condition for peace.

Back in bed after his last conference he was brought the news that John, for whom he had suff ered all this, had joined the rebels' side. Two sons -- both rebels -- were dead, two sons - - both rebels -- lived, and it was his bastard Geoffrey who now tended him in his last sickne ss. There was not even a bishop in his suite to give him the last rites. Over and again he cr ied out in agony "Shame! shame on a vanquished king!"

After his death the servants plundered him, leaving him in a shirt and drawers. When the mars hall came to arrange the burial he had to scratch around for garments in which to dress the b ody. A bit of threadbare gold edging from a cloak was put around Henry's head to represent hi s sovereignty.

And yet Henry had forseen it all. According to Gerald of Wales, he had long before ordere d a fresco for one of his rooms at Winchester: the picture showed an eagle being pecked by th ree eaglets, and a fourth perched on his head, ready to peck out his eyes when the time shoul d come. [Source: Who's Who in the Middle Ages, John Fines, Barnes & Noble Books, New York, 19 95]

------Reddish hair & fair complected.

Source: 'The World Book Encyclopedia', 1968, p H178. 'Royalty for Commoners', Roderick W. Stu art, 1993, p 37-38. Reigned 1154-1189. He ruled an empire that stretched from the Tweed to th e Pyrenees. In spite of frequent hostitilties with the French King his own family and rebelli ous Barons (culminating in the great revolt of 1173-74) and his quarrel with Thomas Becket, H enry maintained control over his possessions until shortly before his death. His judicial an d administrative reforms which increased Royal control and influence at the expense of the Ba rons were of great constitutional importance. Introduced trial by Jury. Duke of Normandy. Hen ry II 'Curt Mantel,' Duke of Normandy, Count of Maine and Anjou, King Of England became kin g in 1154. At the height of his power, Henry ruled England and almost all western France. Hi s marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine, the most famous woman of the age, brought the duchy of Aq uitaine under his control. Henry also claimed to rule Scotland, Wales, and eastern Ireland . Henry II carried on his grandfather's policy of limiting the power of the nobles. He als o tried to make the Roman Catholic Church in England submit to his authority. This policy bro ught him into conflict with Thomas a Becket, Achbishop of Canterbury. Four of the king's knig hts murdered Becket while he was at vespers in his cathedral. Henry made Anglo-Saxon common l aw, rather than the revised Roman law, the supreme law of the land. He introduced trial by ju ry and circuit courts. In his later years, Henry's sons often rebelled against him. Two of th em, Richard the Lion-Hearted and John, became the next two kings of England.

REF: "Falls the Shadow" Sharon Kay Penman: William the Conqueror requested a large number o f Jews to move to England after his conquest. They spoke Norman & did well under his reign . They continued to thrive under William's grandson Henry II.

REF: British Monarchy Official Website: Henry II (reigned 1154-89) ruled over an empire whic h stretched from the Scottish border to the Pyrenees. Married to Eleanor, the heiress of Aqui taine, the king spent only 13 years of his reign in England; the other 21 years were spent o n the continent in his territories in what is now France. By 1158, Henry had restored to th e crown some of the lands and royal power lost by Stephen. For example, locally chosen sherif fs were changed into royally appointed agents charged with enforcing the law and collecting t axes in the counties. Personally interested in government and law, Henry strengthened royal j ustice, making use of juries and re-introduced the sending of justices (judges) on regular to urs of the country to try cases for the Crown. His legal reforms have led him to be seen as t he founder of English Common Law. Henry's disagreements with his Archbishop of Canterbury, Th omas Becket, over Church/State relations ended in Becket's murder in 1170. Family disputes al most wrecked the king's achievements and he died in 1189 at war with his sons.

Reigned 1154-1189. He ruled an empire that stretched from the Tweed to the Pyrenees. In spit e of frequent hostitilties with the French King his own family and rebellious Barons (culmina ting in the great revolt of 1173-74) and his quarrel with Thomas Becket, Henry maintained con trol over his possessions until shortly before his death. His judicial and administrative ref orms which increased Royal control and influence at the expense of the Barons were of great c onstitutional importance. Introduced trial by Jury. Duke of Normandy.
Henry II, first of the Angevin kings, was one of the most effective of all England's monarchs . He came to the throne amid the anarchy of Stephen's reign and promptly collared his erran t barons. He refined Norman government and created a capable, self-standing bureaucracy. Hi s energy was equaled only by his ambition and intelligence. Henry survived wars, rebellion, a nd controversy to successfully rule one of the Middle Ages' most powerful kingdoms.

Henry was raised in the French province of Anjou and first visited England in 1142 to defen d his mother's claim to the disputed throne of Stephen. His continental possessions were alre ady vast before his coronation: He acquired Normandy and Anjou upon the death of his father i n September 1151, and his French holdings more than doubled with his marriage to Eleanor of A quitane (ex-wife of King Louis VII of France). In accordance with the Treaty of Wallingford , a succession agreement signed by Stephen and Matilda in 1153, Henry was crowned in Octobe r 1154. The continental empire ruled by Henry and his sons included the French counties of Br ittany, Maine, Poitou, Touraine, Gascony, Anjou, Aquitane, and Normandy. Henry was technicall y a feudal vassal of the king of France but, in reality, owned more territory and was more po werful than his French lord. Although King John (Henry's son) lost most of the English holdin gs in France, English kings laid claim to the French throne until the fifteenth century. Henr y also extended his territory in the British Isles in two significant ways. First, he retriev ed Cumbria and Northumbria form Malcom IV of Scotland and settled the Anglo-Scot border in th e North.
Secondly, although his success with Welsh campaigns was limited, Henry invaded Ireland and se cured an English presence on the island.

English and Norman barons in Stephen's reign manipulated feudal law to undermine royal author ity; Henry instituted many reforms to weaken traditional feudal ties and strengthen his posit ion. Unauthorized castles built during the previous reign were razed. Monetary payments repla ced military service as the primary duty of vassals. The Exchequer was revitalized to enforc e accurate record keeping and tax collection.

Incompetent sheriffs were replaced and the authority of royal courts was expanded. Henry empo wered a new social class of government clerks that stabilized procedure - the government coul d operate effectively in the king's absence and would subsequently prove sufficiently tenacio us to survive the reign of incompetent kings. Henry's reforms allowed the emergence of a bod y of common law to replace the disparate customs of feudal and county courts. Jury trials wer e initiated to end the old Germanic trials by ordeal or battle. Henry's systematic approach t o law provided a common basis for development of royal institutions throughout the entire rea lm.

The process of strengthening the royal courts, however, yielded an unexpected controversy. Th e church courts instituted by William the Conqueror became a safe haven for criminals of vary ing degree and ability, for one in fifty of the English population qualified as clerics. Henr y wished to transfer sentencing in such cases to the royal courts, as church courts merely de moted clerics to laymen. Thomas Beckett, Henry's close friend and chancellor since 1155, wa s named Archbishop of Canterbury in June 1162 but distanced himself from Henry and vehementl y opposed the weakening

******* Parents: Geoffrey V (IV) "The,le Bon" "Count Anjou" PLANTAGENET and Matilda "The Empress" QUEEN OF ENGLAND.

Spouse: Eleanor QUEEN OF ENGLAND. Eleanor QUEEN OF ENGLAND and Henry II "Curt Mantel" "Plantagenet" KING OF ENGLAND were married on 18 May 1152 in Poitiers Cathedral,Gironde,France.^{3154,3160,3161,3162} Children were: William PRINCE OF ENGLAND, Henry "The Young King" PRINCE OF ENGLAND, Matilda (Maud) PLANTAGENET Prss Eng/Lady, Richard I "Lionheart" KING OF ENGLAND, Geoffrey PLANTAGENET, Philip PRINCE OF ENGLAND, Eleanor QUEEN OF CASTILE, Joanna (Joan) PLANTAGENET Prss Eng, John I "Lackland" PLANTAGENET.

Spouse: Isabel (or Ida) "Countess of Norfolk" PLANTAGENET DE WARENNE.

Spouse: Annabel de BALIOL Concubine 3. Annabel de BALIOL Concubine 3 and Henry II "Curt Mantel" "Plantagenet" KING OF ENGLAND were married NOT MARRIED.

Spouse: Alix de PORHOET Concubine. Alix de PORHOET Concubine and Henry II "Curt Mantel" "Plantagenet" KING OF ENGLAND were married NOT MARRIED in (Mistress).

Spouse: Rosamond "Fair Rosamond" de CLIFFORD Concubine. Rosamond "Fair Rosamond" de CLIFFORD Concubine and Henry II "Curt Mantel" "Plantagenet" KING OF ENGLAND were married NOT MARRIED in (He's 40, She Early 30's). Children were: William I LONGESPEE Earl Salisbury/Pr Eng.

Spouse: Isabella DE TAILLEFER. Isabella DE TAILLEFER and John "Lackland" KING OF ENGLAND were married on 26 August 1200 in Tyne River,Kent,England. Children were: Henry KING OF ENGLAND III.

OCCUPATION: King 1189-1199

DEATH: Wounded on 26 Mar 1199 by a crossbow in his shoulder --- but the wound turned gangren ous and infection spread. His mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, hastened to his bedshire, but th e powerful king's strength ebbed away, and on 7 April he died.

BURIED: In 1199 Richard I body was split three ways --- his body went to Fontevrault,his hea rt to Rouen Cathedral and his entrails to Charroux in Poitou.REF: "Falls the Shadow" Sharon K ay Penman: William the Conqueror requested a large number of Jews to move to England after hi s conquest. They spoke Norman & did well under his reign. They continued to thrive under Wil liam's grandson Henry II. When Richard was coronated, he did so "in a bath of Jewish blood."

REF: British Monarchy Official Website: Henry's son, Richard I (reigned 1189 to 1199), fulfil led his ambition by going on crusade in 1190 leaving the ruling of England to others. Returni ng from the Holy Land, Richard was captured in Austria and imprisoned in Germany for more tha n a year. In his absence, Philip Augustus, king of France, invaded Normandy. However by the t ime of his death, Richard had recovered all his lands. His success was short lived (with th e loss of them permanently under John his successor).

*********** Parents: Henry II "Curt Mantel" "Plantagenet" KING OF ENGLAND and Eleanor QUEEN OF ENGLAND.

Spouse: Basina PRINCESS OF THE THURINGIANS. Basina PRINCESS OF THE THURINGIANS and Clodion "Le Chevelu" KING OF FRANCE were married in ,,,France. Children were: Sigimberus I BISHOP OF AUVERGNE.

Spouse: Anna Agnesa YAROSLAVNA Grand Dutchess of Kiev. Anna Agnesa YAROSLAVNA Grand Dutchess of Kiev and Henri KING OF FRANCE I were married on 19 May 1051 in ,,,France. Children were: Hugues DE VERMANDOIS.

Spouse: Adbelahide PRINCESS OD AQUITAINE. Adbelahide PRINCESS OD AQUITAINE and Hugues "Capet" KING OF FRANCE were married in 968. Children were: Robert "The Pious" KING OF FRANCE II.

Spouse: Adele DE ADELAIDE. Adele DE ADELAIDE and Louis "The Younger" KING OF FRANCE were married in 1137 in ,,,France. Children were: Philippe Augustus KING OF FRANCE II.

Spouse: Adaele (Alix) COUNTESS OF CHAMPAGNE. Adaele (Alix) COUNTESS OF CHAMPAGNE and Louis VII KING OF FRANCE were married on 13 November 1160 in , , , France. Children were: Alix PRINCESS OF FRANCE.

Spouse: Berthe (Bertrade) COUNTESS OF LAON. Berthe (Bertrade) COUNTESS OF LAON and Pbepin "The Short" KING OF FRANCE were married about 740. Children were: Charlemagne EMPEROR OF ROME, Ade PRINCESS OF THE FRANKS, Pepin PRINCE OF THE FRANKS, Gisele PRINCESS OF FRANCE, Rothaide PRINCESS OF FRANCE, Adbelahide PRINCESS OF FRANCE, Gertrude PRINCESS OF THE FRANKS, Carloman KING OF BURGUNDY.

Spouse: Argotta QUEEN OF THE FRANKS. Argotta QUEEN OF THE FRANKS and Pharamond KING OF FRANCE were married in 394. Children were: Clodion "Le Chevelu" KING OF FRANCE.

Spouse: Isabella DE ARTOIS OF FLANDERS. Isabella DE ARTOIS OF FLANDERS and Philippe Augustus KING OF FRANCE II were married in 1180 in Bapaume,Pas de Calais,France. Children were: Louis OF FRANCE VIII.

Spouse: Beatrice DE VERMANDOIS. Beatrice DE VERMANDOIS and Robert KING OF FRANCE I were married in 890. Children were: Hugues Magnus DUKE OF FRANCE.

Spouse: Constance DE TOULOUSE. Constance DE TOULOUSE and Robert "The Pious" KING OF FRANCE II were married in 1000 in ,,,France. Children were: Henri KING OF FRANCE I, Adaele "Alix" PRINCESS OF FRANCE.

Spouse: Irini Maria EMPRESS OF GERMANY Princess Byzantine. Irini Maria EMPRESS OF GERMANY Princess Byzantine and Phillipp KING OF GERMANY II were married in 1196. Children were: Maria PRINCESS OF GERMANY Duchess of Brabant.

Spouse: Anastasiya Agmunda YAROSLAVNA PRINCESS OF KIEV. Anastasiya Agmunda YAROSLAVNA PRINCESS OF KIEV and Andrbe "Andrew" KING OF HUNGARY I were married about 1033 in ,Komarom,Esztergo,Hungary. Children were: George Ungern PRINCE OF HUNGARY.

Spouse: More O'TOOLE. More O'TOOLE and Dermot KING OF LEINSTER were married in 1140 in Lough Carmen,Wexford,Leinster,Ireland. Children were: Eva MCMURROUGH.

Children were: Enna "Edna" KING OF LEINSTER.

Children were: Dermot KING OF LEINSTER.

Spouse: Darbforgaill OF LEINSTER. Children were: Donnhadh KING OF LEINSTER.

Spouse: Urraca Affonsez QUEEN OF LEON. Urraca Affonsez QUEEN OF LEON and Fernando II Alfonsez KING OF LEON were married in June 1165 in Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. Children were: Alfonso IX Feranadez KING OF CASTILE&LEON.

Spouse: Imnichild QUEEN OF METZ. Children were: Berswinde PRINCESS OF METZ.

Spouse: Ingoberge QUEEN OF PARIS. Children were: Berthe (Aldeberge,Blithildis) QUEEN OF KENT.

Spouse: Matilda (Maud) COUNTESS OF SAVOY. Matilda (Maud) COUNTESS OF SAVOY and Affonso I "The Conqueror" Henriquez KING OF PORTUGAL&ALGARVES were married in July 1146 in Chamberry, Savoie, Midievel States. Children were: Urraca Affonsez QUEEN OF LEON.

The long-standing dispute between Scotland and England over the Border was settled in 1237 wh en, by the Treaty of York, Alexander renounced Scotland's claims to the three northern counti es of England in exchange for the honour of Tynedale and the manor of Penrith. The border bet ween Scotland and England was now fixed almost exactly on its present line from the lower Twe ed in the east to the Solway Firth in the west. Alexander died on the island of Kerrera, Argy llshire in 1249 whilst preparing to take the Hebrides from Norway. He was buried at Melrose A bbey, Roxburghshire.

Click here for <a href="http://www.darkisle.com/contrib/melrose/cmelrose.html">Photo of Melro se Abbey</a> (use browser back arrow to return)

********** Parents: William I "The Lion" KING OF SCOTLAND and Ermengarde DE BEAUMONT.

Spouse: Matilda "Maud" HUNTINGTON. Matilda "Maud" HUNTINGTON and David "The Saint" KING OF SCOTLAND I were married in 1113 in ,,,Scotland. Children were: Henry PRINCE OF SCOTLAND.

Spouse: Sibyl FITZSIWARD. Sibyl FITZSIWARD and Duncan KING OF SCOTLAND I were married in 1030 in ,,,Scotland. Children were: Malcolm KING OF SCOTLAND III.

Spouse: Joan BEAUFORT. Joan BEAUFORT and James KING OF SCOTLAND I were married on 2 February 1423 in St. Mary,Overy,Southwark,Surrey,England.

Spouse: Margaret "Atheling" QUEEN OF SCOTLAND. Margaret "Atheling" QUEEN OF SCOTLAND and Malcolm KING OF SCOTLAND III were married in 1067 in Atholl,Perthshire,Scotland. Children were: David "The Saint" KING OF SCOTLAND I.

1157 - Surrendered Northumbria to Henry II of England

********** Parents: Henry "2nd Earl of Huntington" PRINCE OF SCOTLAND and Ada (Adelaide) "Lady" DE WARENNE.

Children were: Bethoc "Beartix" PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND.

Spouse: Isabell "Matilda" OF MAR. Isabell "Matilda" OF MAR and Robert "The Bruce" KING OF SCOTLAND I were married in 1295 in ,,,Scotland. Children were: Marjorie PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND.

Spouse: Elizabeth MORE. Elizabeth MORE and Robert KING OF SCOTLAND II were married on 22 November 1347 in Dispensation,Ayrshire,Scotland. Children were: Robert "Robert John Stewart" KING OF SCOTLAND III.

Spouse: Annabella DRUMMOND. Annabella DRUMMOND and Robert "Robert John Stewart" KING OF SCOTLAND III were married on 13 March 1365 in Dispensation,,Scotland. Children were: Annabella PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND.

Spouse: Marjorie PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND. Marjorie PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND and Walter "High Steward" KING OF SCOTLAND were married on 2 March 1314 in ,,,Scotland. Children were: Robert KING OF SCOTLAND II.

Spouse: Isabel AVENAL. Children were: Isabel PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND.

As William's feudal lord, Henry now had the right to arrange his marriage, and he gave him Er mengarde de Beaumont, whose father was the son of an illegitimate daughter of Henry I. Willia m eventually recovered Scotland from the English king's feudal overlordship, however, when He nry II was succeeded by Richard I. Richard, determined to raise money for his third Crusade , surrendered his feudal superiority over Scotland for 10,000 merks by the Quitclaim of Cante rbury on 5 December 1189 and Scotland was an independent country once more. In 1196-7, Willia m established his sovereignty in Caithness.

Under William, the development of feudal institutions continued; in part, the Scottish monarc hy's government closely resembled England's. William established royal burghs in eastern Scot land up to moray Firth, and extended the use of sheriffs in the same area. Perth and Stirlin g became major centres of royal administration.

William I was a vigorous royal patron of the Scottish Church - he founded Arbroath Abbey, Ang us in or before 1178. In 1182 Pope Lucius III sent him the Golden Rose and in 1188 Pope Cleme nt III took the Scottish Church under his special protection. In 1192, the Pope granted a Bul l to William that recognised the separate identity of the Scottish Church (previously the Chu rch in Scotland had been brought under the authority of the Archbishop of York), and its inde pendence of all ecclesiastical authorities apart from Rome. Gervase of Canterbury described W illiam as 'a man of outstanding sanctity ... much preferring to have peace than the sword an d to provide for his people by wisdom rather than iron'. William died at Stirling on 4 Decemb er 1214, aged 71, and was buried at Arbroath

Click here for <a href="http://www.darkisle.com/s/stirling/stirling.html">Photo of Stirling C astle</a> (use browser back arrow to return)

Born in 1143, William the Lion was the younger brother of Malcolm IV. A year after his access ion, he went to Normandy with Henry II and later spent Easter 1170 at Windsor. In 1174, howev er, he joined Henry II's son in his rebellion against his father, and invaded England. He wa s captured at Alnwick, Northumberland and brought to Henry II with 'his feet shackled beneat h the belly of his horse.' He was then held prisoner first in Yorkshire, later at Northampto n and finally in France. He was released by the terms of the Treaty of Falaise of 8 Decembe r 1174, having been forced to agree to do homage to Henry II 'for Scotland and for all his ot her lands', and surrender key Scottish castles such as Edinburgh and Stirling.As William's fe udal lord, Henry now had the right to arrange his marriage, and he gave him Ermengarde de Bea umont, whose father was the son of an illegitimate daughter of Henry I. William eventually re covered Scotland from the English king's feudal over lordship, however, when Henry II was suc ceeded by Richard I. Richard, determined to raise money for his third Crusade, surrendered hi s feudal superiority over Scotland for 10,000 merks by the Quitclaim of Canterbury on 5 Decem ber 1189 and Scotland was an independent country once more. In 1196-7, William established hi s sovereignty in Caithness.Under William, the development of feudal institutions continued; i n part, the Scottish monarchy's government closely resembled England's. William established r oyal burghs in eastern Scotland up to moray Firth, and extended the use of sheriffs in the sa me area. Perth and Stirling became major centres of royal administration.William I was a vigo rous royal patron of the Scottish Church - he founded Arbroath Abbey, Angus in or before 1178 . In 1182 Pope Lucius III sent him the Golden Rose and in 1188 Pope Clement III took the Scot tish Church under his special protection. In 1192, the Pope granted a Bull to William that re cognised the separate identity of the Scottish Church (previously the Church in Scotland ha d been brought under the authority of the Archbishop of York), and its independence of all ec clesiastical authorities apart from Rome. Gervase of Canterbury described William as 'a man o f outstanding sanctity ... much preferring to have peace than the sword and to provide for hi s people by wisdom rather than iron'. William died at Stirling on 4 December 1214, aged 71, a nd was buried at Arbroath

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Robert the Chaplain (Robert de Whitfield) was actually Robert de Brus, 3rd Lord of Annandal a nd son of Robert de Brus, le Mechin. His wife was Isabel, daughter of William the Lion, Kin g of Scots. The manor of Whitfield was the demense of the barony of Haltwhistle, Isabel's dow ry.

Illegitimate Daughter of William the Lion, King of Scots. William fathered three illegitima t e daughters, Isabel was the oldest. Isabel was born to William's concubine M. Avenal, daugh ter of Richard Avenal. Her dowery is said to be the manor of Whitfield, the demense of the ba r ony of Haltwhistle.

Isabel was born to William's concubine M. Avenal, Daughter of Richard Avenal.

The red haired King was Crowned Dec. 24, 1169 in Scone, Scotland, after the death of his brot her Malcolm IV, King of Scots.
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William I, King of Scots (The Lion)
Family Name: Dunkeld Given Names: William
NickNames: The Lion

Titles: King of Scots (1165 - 1214)

Born: 1143
Unknown place Died: 4 Dec 1214
Stirling Castle, Scotland
(Age 72, Natural Causes)
Buried: Arbroath Abbey, Tayside, Scotland

Father: Henry Dunkeld, 1st Earl of Huntingdon
Mother: Adelicia de Warrenne (mother of William I and Malcolm IV)

Marriage: Ermengarde Beaumont (1st wife of William I of Scotland)
Date: 5 Sep 1186 His Age: 44 Her Age: Unknown
Place: Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England

Children: Alexander II, King of Scots 24 Aug 1198 - 8 Jul 1249
Margaret Dunkeld (daughter of William I of Scotland) Unknown date - 1259
Isabel Dunkeld (daughter of William I of Scotland) Unknown date - Unknown date
Marjory Dunkeld (daughter of William I of Scotland) Unknown date - 17 Nov 1244

Affair: Unknown Partner
Child: Isabel Dunkeld (illeg. daughter of William I of Scotland) Unknown date - Unknown dat e

Events: Coronation 24 Dec 1165 Scone, Perth, Tayside, Scotland

Notes:
William was crowned by Richard, Bishop of St. Andrews.

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1174 - failed to regain Northumbria; captured and imprisioned bt Henry II in Fance at Falaise .
For his release William was forced to accept Henry II as feudal superior.

************ Parents: Henry "2nd Earl of Huntington" PRINCE OF SCOTLAND and Ada (Adelaide) "Lady" DE WARENNE.

Spouse: Isabel (?emergarde) AVERNAL Concubine 1. Isabel (?emergarde) AVERNAL Concubine 1 and William I "The Lion" KING OF SCOTLAND were married about 1160 in Not Md. Children were: Isabel PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND, Marjory PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND, Aufrica de SCOTLAND, Miss de HUNTINGDON, Ada PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND.

Spouse: Ermengarde DE BEAUMONT. Ermengarde DE BEAUMONT and William I "The Lion" KING OF SCOTLAND were married on 5 September 1189 in Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England. Children were: Alexander II KING OF SCOTLAND, Margaret PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND, Marjory PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND.

Spouse: Dau. (Adam) DE HYTHUS. Children were: Margaret PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND.

Spouse: Concubine 2 OF SCOTLAND. Children were: Ada "Princess of Scotland" PRINCESS OF HUNTINGTON.